tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71807868591873927652024-03-04T20:15:49.911-08:00Human BiologyNikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-4342131417708503042008-05-13T05:00:00.000-07:002008-05-13T05:17:39.593-07:00Why Should Anyone Reproduce?Bombarded with the facts of an overabundance of energy use, food stores dwindling, and the over-population of the world, I am not sure if anyone should reproduce. Of course, I already have one biological child and do not feel the great pull to make sure a part of me lives on in the world.<br /><br />Prices for food and gas skyrocket, disproportionate to the cost of living increasing. I have four children and the price for groceries alone is enough to question why anyone has children anymore. With that in mind, many pregnancies are unwanted and the adoption rate does not come close to helping those in need. The dichotomy of starving and unwanted children in the world to the obese 100 lbs 5 year olds on Jerry Springer disgusts me.<br /><br />Although I hate to think about regulating the number of children individuals in a society can have, it may be a start to controlling some of the resource depletion that threatens our world. How can we expect to feed and house our growing populations? One possible solution would be one child allowed and you have to pay substantial fees to have more. That seems against the principles of our democratic society though and very elitist.<br /><br />I hope over time that technology will enhance our ability to save our world and allow for our free standing society in which we have a food surplus, no one starves, the world is is safe from the evils of greenhouse gases and radiation, and the world will become more stable in the economy. But realistically, I cannot see that happening and can only hope that the we can outlast what we have done to the world.Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-24206689077238166002008-05-13T04:44:00.000-07:002008-05-13T04:49:26.619-07:00Self Eval<p style="font-family: verdana;">1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?<br /><br /></p><p style="font-family: verdana;">I am just happy to be done at this point even though not everything is turned in. After I got behind from being sick, I did all of unit 3 and 4 since May 6 and I am tired.<br /><br /></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;">2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?</p><p style="font-family: verdana;">Everything. I got so behind in my 5 classes that all my work suffered. And I really hate my moving limb. It is ugly. I didn't have time to paint it.<br /></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;">3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?</p><p style="font-family: verdana;">Honestly, I have no idea. All of my work is not in and I will be happy if I pass at this point. <br /></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;">4. How could I perform better in the next unit?</p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Not get sick, not have surgery, don't hit every branch of the procrastination tree on the way down even if I have a good reason.</span><br /></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><br /></span></p> <p> </p>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-10860741172720284602008-05-13T03:15:00.000-07:002008-05-13T04:42:47.129-07:00List of Species Lab-Unit 4<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqy8ZTXcIB9yRLsEAjTaXkViqUeX3oLqyacnasHtNrkkLvtyTsfHfsJFC0Q11SscCnF2MEzLmavT5S0-dDp6UKssw6pJjmiFUjNUfcvd7dGwxB2eSsXTxo6YY4jJDcMueGWWYmkG8KMU/s1600-h/S5000655.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqy8ZTXcIB9yRLsEAjTaXkViqUeX3oLqyacnasHtNrkkLvtyTsfHfsJFC0Q11SscCnF2MEzLmavT5S0-dDp6UKssw6pJjmiFUjNUfcvd7dGwxB2eSsXTxo6YY4jJDcMueGWWYmkG8KMU/s400/S5000655.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199811207666057106" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Homo Sapien<br />My husband<br />Symbiotic<br />Domesticated :)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4tmUF-SsuTQSP4FOtTRX8uKVk-f7cyDYzCupiPPIBiQacVysRwzXk8V2-Vba5Q0ksR8K0W8M6c0ftJaaW-CqeiVoMf4uiXw7LjECbaVDFsWYMH6T0FN694j0mqI_ekyyA2HJx-k9MKw/s1600-h/stuff+048.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4tmUF-SsuTQSP4FOtTRX8uKVk-f7cyDYzCupiPPIBiQacVysRwzXk8V2-Vba5Q0ksR8K0W8M6c0ftJaaW-CqeiVoMf4uiXw7LjECbaVDFsWYMH6T0FN694j0mqI_ekyyA2HJx-k9MKw/s400/stuff+048.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199805997870727010" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Canis Lupus Familiaris<br />Dog (4 out of the 6 I have)<br />Symbiotic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-4.jpg" alt="" /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsIRHcH-QZ_ncDvN6J7u_2kT5kCs5UX8z-FZuyH_lpRvhqsOxhrQ6uNTcl23Eqf9NiV7J8J-mPcXgd2dxX6Vv0wqyIinVMiuIzX27aKWvK0w6RLcpEHZMMGIV-gTrJFlge2y_cf4ucH1c/s1600-h/green-anole-01.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsIRHcH-QZ_ncDvN6J7u_2kT5kCs5UX8z-FZuyH_lpRvhqsOxhrQ6uNTcl23Eqf9NiV7J8J-mPcXgd2dxX6Vv0wqyIinVMiuIzX27aKWvK0w6RLcpEHZMMGIV-gTrJFlge2y_cf4ucH1c/s400/green-anole-01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199808312858099570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.the-lizard-lounge.com/content/gallery/lizard-pictures/green-anole-pictures/green-anole-01.jpg<br /><br /></span> Anolis Carolinensis<br />Green anole (Have 2)<br />Mutualistic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifgx1D4D_3xRBTpOpLx7TjEsTbgN9V_ZTZ25CDsvKvdtp96VYNcLsruJYVH0XytYXLhZ_qCyzBMuSboxyOHpy-Mshcwp1DJnVA2hQCHXmmGDCUNv7e4JxmeTP2szPto3EYpvI7OKzzOt8/s1600-h/gecko.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifgx1D4D_3xRBTpOpLx7TjEsTbgN9V_ZTZ25CDsvKvdtp96VYNcLsruJYVH0XytYXLhZ_qCyzBMuSboxyOHpy-Mshcwp1DJnVA2hQCHXmmGDCUNv7e4JxmeTP2szPto3EYpvI7OKzzOt8/s400/gecko.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199809682952667010" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.petzoo.co.uk/images/Picture%20667.jpg</span><br /><br />Eublepharis Macularis<br />Leopard Gecko (Have 1)<br />Mutualistic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRl_o_42CJhRBNcTiJxBGilX0VxaaXqjoKjzDfXRje73nWlwXk4R8W8SgcEn6XoRBuugnSph5odlACYVyJPTkqb9g-6njihhtRh4cy-jdYp7Hb34evGHGFM4MPB79Btgflaf8iuyURVaA/s1600-h/acidp.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRl_o_42CJhRBNcTiJxBGilX0VxaaXqjoKjzDfXRje73nWlwXk4R8W8SgcEn6XoRBuugnSph5odlACYVyJPTkqb9g-6njihhtRh4cy-jdYp7Hb34evGHGFM4MPB79Btgflaf8iuyURVaA/s400/acidp.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199812685134806962" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://jspatel.myweb.uga.edu/images/image007.jpg</span><br /><br />Lactobacillus Acidophilus<br />Yogurt bacteria<br />Commensal<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_MVLp-F_y0rfgg-oC4aqNB-ImL2kpMd6XJ8w39GH1rWyTlvNQTumtRO28TmoNJnqbDzeXvgMOrQnrLweduiJHBccA40Vo2dO_eshtp7DMLxk7lqfHcIznXc0tOR7myPH_wB5C9uX-4c/s1600-h/PHIL_3050_lores.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_MVLp-F_y0rfgg-oC4aqNB-ImL2kpMd6XJ8w39GH1rWyTlvNQTumtRO28TmoNJnqbDzeXvgMOrQnrLweduiJHBccA40Vo2dO_eshtp7DMLxk7lqfHcIznXc0tOR7myPH_wB5C9uX-4c/s400/PHIL_3050_lores.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199814729539239890" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pictures22/cdc/PHIL_3050_lores.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Trichophyton<br />Ringworm<br />Parasitic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimrIfZZgcL6sbyd3gA4lhyphenhyphenyAKWKhTILBfYffOwdtDycsUL65kuaGM_poW7fwxsxFF5ZwfKIkBU40phudZVJOvl9FHX-iJDeHHEQzQowwKglQ_BKMiVqC1my2HYV2phQZJyfEZVJClPbw/s1600-h/blackwidow.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimrIfZZgcL6sbyd3gA4lhyphenhyphenyAKWKhTILBfYffOwdtDycsUL65kuaGM_poW7fwxsxFF5ZwfKIkBU40phudZVJOvl9FHX-iJDeHHEQzQowwKglQ_BKMiVqC1my2HYV2phQZJyfEZVJClPbw/s400/blackwidow.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199815214870544354" border="0" /></a><br />http://millrace.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/blackwidow.jpg</span><br /><br />Latrodectus matrans<br />Black Widow Spider<br />Predator<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhel5GxKo2LrH2W5spRL8llathc5wMYxFv0crVd3uLhM-Z3q2mVZidLFeqKGWmbZAC41J_joR4yei6GM6ShSFClG-8MlxK6Wz4KdczXEwhlsiUNZyoNy9y5EgytNEAIayP_okeFGOTOhuM/s1600-h/snake07.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhel5GxKo2LrH2W5spRL8llathc5wMYxFv0crVd3uLhM-Z3q2mVZidLFeqKGWmbZAC41J_joR4yei6GM6ShSFClG-8MlxK6Wz4KdczXEwhlsiUNZyoNy9y5EgytNEAIayP_okeFGOTOhuM/s400/snake07.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199816516245635074" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.caminoanimalclinic.com/articles/images/snake07.gif</span><br /><br />Crotalus Atrox<br />Western Diamondback Rattlesnake<br />Mutualistic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAL0bE3UgHaOQkwQRDpIH-8SOk_1eTzA_cFvV0hRvsKfVIdT5nZsk6KikXcythAILdVvKMzwB3wfIgc4qwvyRfd-vyh_uEo2kbpMHcwBoQDZGQR-JXfx55M6jxZ903V0s2ZYamwpXrWWg/s1600-h/IMG_2355.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAL0bE3UgHaOQkwQRDpIH-8SOk_1eTzA_cFvV0hRvsKfVIdT5nZsk6KikXcythAILdVvKMzwB3wfIgc4qwvyRfd-vyh_uEo2kbpMHcwBoQDZGQR-JXfx55M6jxZ903V0s2ZYamwpXrWWg/s400/IMG_2355.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199817396713930770" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://i210.photobucket.com/albums/bb192/shncjj/IMG_2355.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Ocimum Basilicum<br />Sweet Basil<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLK4jzNTZkV2N-GTLMvWehEn60bZsxj2NocMGSFTQx3tGcjLqaSNH3W1VPzGfvbtYVZaG_e2h7pxSFRPZvxGtzthjLrAxL-LAbFEnrxAnHjipiiG9S_8AV6cbmgq67AfORtsraLztfoNA/s1600-h/mrsa-nora-2004.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLK4jzNTZkV2N-GTLMvWehEn60bZsxj2NocMGSFTQx3tGcjLqaSNH3W1VPzGfvbtYVZaG_e2h7pxSFRPZvxGtzthjLrAxL-LAbFEnrxAnHjipiiG9S_8AV6cbmgq67AfORtsraLztfoNA/s400/mrsa-nora-2004.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199818294362095650" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://doreen.mkbmemorial.com/NF/photos/mrsa-nora-2004.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:100%;" >Staphylococcus Aureus<br />MRSA<br />Parasitic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWmucd046pYkCFTpppkGFPtlfkkpJbOvK3oIyCsF9GGQuWYaJl6H6MLP4KeQj4ribE8bo0Ebw17urm0rM_VdV6vhiLWXwc0H8bgTXUDmcNvVjf-mcGrLY27ZJlrTGZ4oqRPbznKm-Xy8/s1600-h/lavender-with-bumblebees.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWmucd046pYkCFTpppkGFPtlfkkpJbOvK3oIyCsF9GGQuWYaJl6H6MLP4KeQj4ribE8bo0Ebw17urm0rM_VdV6vhiLWXwc0H8bgTXUDmcNvVjf-mcGrLY27ZJlrTGZ4oqRPbznKm-Xy8/s400/lavender-with-bumblebees.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199819286499541042" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Lavendula Angustifolia<br />Lavender<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKffzdmRBZLwWg0ZssSIjSGC0Lajjsnwpz5TnbnHSycnVUbFbtEyttA0ov5mckKYUALlBAnOID27IiUBDEYtbkPTw7fgM9n8LNAZDn71DOzQgFVNogzO9LsTWl0QYywamByqhTQNsA_jg/s1600-h/roman-chamomile.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKffzdmRBZLwWg0ZssSIjSGC0Lajjsnwpz5TnbnHSycnVUbFbtEyttA0ov5mckKYUALlBAnOID27IiUBDEYtbkPTw7fgM9n8LNAZDn71DOzQgFVNogzO9LsTWl0QYywamByqhTQNsA_jg/s400/roman-chamomile.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199819866320126018" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.candbsupplies.ca/roman-chamomile.gif</span><br /><br />Chamamelum Nobile<br />Chamomile<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOIOqSp0xpfFX-Tx0jMnvUZXspghB1N-4n6N_EKDuToCYM1OhsSIPcXMg3i39KjCAk0hyLis9bCE15u8Pasyfb_4IWtRd5IfKGmwcTdFLt36cJNICm3yTYs8JhT6OMa7uN7tNfJ7iuFu0/s1600-h/dust_mite.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOIOqSp0xpfFX-Tx0jMnvUZXspghB1N-4n6N_EKDuToCYM1OhsSIPcXMg3i39KjCAk0hyLis9bCE15u8Pasyfb_4IWtRd5IfKGmwcTdFLt36cJNICm3yTYs8JhT6OMa7uN7tNfJ7iuFu0/s400/dust_mite.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199820824097833042" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://pestcommand.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/dust_mite.jpg</span><br /><br />Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus<br />Dust mite<br />Parasitic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2X92t8-mHEz59JTRE5bITYEbqOPL1Dk3WVsrMEJ5yUQ7y1ydE4troXGx-AIywNTbc1c1UHyY-gpT5zSEhplSs0lq3s2oQnWMJyIfTICKXJ0T2k5tUqcLX_4gSoXV3aX5rbcARU5PEiL0/s1600-h/Cannabis_sativa.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2X92t8-mHEz59JTRE5bITYEbqOPL1Dk3WVsrMEJ5yUQ7y1ydE4troXGx-AIywNTbc1c1UHyY-gpT5zSEhplSs0lq3s2oQnWMJyIfTICKXJ0T2k5tUqcLX_4gSoXV3aX5rbcARU5PEiL0/s400/Cannabis_sativa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199821184875085922" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Cannabis Sativa<br />Marijuana<br />Commensal (job security)<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinm3ezV9FgDexxWRxM00dQqDnsX2GQcZLBrvKfizLafSJObEQlRVfaxP2eXxtY6stkjR5CtLEi91L0Nf5unFNHpVB6vyK-c_jlnjYdeMEB-3am49e3v_K7i_IS_dpsyiKUCpNJcytdoMI/s1600-h/rift-valley-fever_med.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinm3ezV9FgDexxWRxM00dQqDnsX2GQcZLBrvKfizLafSJObEQlRVfaxP2eXxtY6stkjR5CtLEi91L0Nf5unFNHpVB6vyK-c_jlnjYdeMEB-3am49e3v_K7i_IS_dpsyiKUCpNJcytdoMI/s400/rift-valley-fever_med.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199822357401157746" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.sumivector.com/images/stories/medium/rift-valley-fever_med.jpg</span><br /><br />Coccidioides Immitis<br />Valley Fever<br />Parasitic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKb-dAh9SJEHwuameiVq9MBwIHsWkzxWX8Kuld_Vnc1a1kDziHMfeBF6PqOKbNsQsqePJ9R6PWm8XCQ9vIBPWT_PxUdr0uzEB4WeADJ78V_Xo6CEZqG1SvOJ1LoIfe_eOUbZB_hq4yOaE/s1600-h/heliotrope-fs.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKb-dAh9SJEHwuameiVq9MBwIHsWkzxWX8Kuld_Vnc1a1kDziHMfeBF6PqOKbNsQsqePJ9R6PWm8XCQ9vIBPWT_PxUdr0uzEB4WeADJ78V_Xo6CEZqG1SvOJ1LoIfe_eOUbZB_hq4yOaE/s400/heliotrope-fs.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199823186329845890" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.nga.gov/feature/sculpturegarden/plantings/summer/images/heliotrope-fs.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:100%;" ><br />Heliotropium arborescens<br />Heliotrope flower<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkFO_uh80afK5qUdSGisGn7oy-KYmKcsxjyL9vI4LApI2TumhZ5omJ8MWVNCP5nct22Nmk_Cm7yyoGxYEWsxxzOC_7vtaRJ6KylDfiYx5850FwU8b06IEvn1y8EHdnRZciy6hEJXXXZzk/s1600-h/cheese.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkFO_uh80afK5qUdSGisGn7oy-KYmKcsxjyL9vI4LApI2TumhZ5omJ8MWVNCP5nct22Nmk_Cm7yyoGxYEWsxxzOC_7vtaRJ6KylDfiYx5850FwU8b06IEvn1y8EHdnRZciy6hEJXXXZzk/s400/cheese.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199823933654155410" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><br />http://www.cooperis.com/quizzes/cheese.jpg</span><br /><a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eublepharis_macularius.html"><em></em></a><br />Heiphinic Wotis<br />Cheese<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWpXiiYdvdFl4A1Zlt79LG3Fu6OA9jxKBa8x3qCmw1Si8csUksVg2XmdEN3gxWX18h34dOSC-vHl0eyjJpgkIPJLc3UlmNJg_L3P8rHpqSMBSCg18db_BDUed4AATHyfp-H6fyO0ydxQ/s1600-h/avocado-bsp.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWpXiiYdvdFl4A1Zlt79LG3Fu6OA9jxKBa8x3qCmw1Si8csUksVg2XmdEN3gxWX18h34dOSC-vHl0eyjJpgkIPJLc3UlmNJg_L3P8rHpqSMBSCg18db_BDUed4AATHyfp-H6fyO0ydxQ/s400/avocado-bsp.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199824758287876258" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.herbalextractsplus.com/images/herbs/avocado-bsp.jpg<br /><br /></span>Persea Americana<br />Avocado<br />Mutualistic<br />Domesticated<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKepedCst1K0IDqB_0pRSt3fTwWCoZW7KeHmDZNOZOSy4Mz8INS3BBTmuuBJrzu6w9QqDz9kXhkJFgkPpHHlL-2StCoSSwTZpfDN0AV6EmolV_3K_KxTGmURtWkVVaq_lkBfjp4hkwftA/s1600-h/skunk298x300.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKepedCst1K0IDqB_0pRSt3fTwWCoZW7KeHmDZNOZOSy4Mz8INS3BBTmuuBJrzu6w9QqDz9kXhkJFgkPpHHlL-2StCoSSwTZpfDN0AV6EmolV_3K_KxTGmURtWkVVaq_lkBfjp4hkwftA/s400/skunk298x300.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199825497022251186" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.thriftyfun.com/images/articles16/skunk298x300.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Mephitis Mephitis<br />Skunk<br />Mutualistic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimmKqSpOrz2aLlF4A6Z9oIU3jqw21-BbInh9N2MafU8_9hn6nfZsWyCa7C2KKqC4k2cYctSiCuoSXm3nqv51u__V1cYvMQtZpptbu5EIHmwu4bvlwI7l7iUVMeBd1yQOsHCPnTCJA2twU/s1600-h/GP2144.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimmKqSpOrz2aLlF4A6Z9oIU3jqw21-BbInh9N2MafU8_9hn6nfZsWyCa7C2KKqC4k2cYctSiCuoSXm3nqv51u__V1cYvMQtZpptbu5EIHmwu4bvlwI7l7iUVMeBd1yQOsHCPnTCJA2twU/s400/GP2144.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199826136972378306" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2144.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Escherichia Coli<br />Intestinal bacteria<br />Symbiotic/Parasitic<br />Not domesticated<br /><br /><br /></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-74341310161977926012008-05-13T00:38:00.000-07:002008-05-13T03:13:01.498-07:00Working Limb Lab Project<span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">This project highlights the ability to show and understand the concept of a moving limb and the neuron triggering muscle to pull on bone to make a joint move. I chose the joint between the humerus and the ulna and radius at the elbow.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhziW1FfUdbBSa-KjTtp8Ed-lW1jPD-eZ6sUo4fF1hmI95e-ME0Tun8NKwHJxujOWMSUMNxRijVdIi84G_sBikX7yd-IKKSLHmcvK6ZfBy76prR6380AMOdi6uf1rr_XsJhGkH46Eh0ufs/s1600-h/limb+001.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhziW1FfUdbBSa-KjTtp8Ed-lW1jPD-eZ6sUo4fF1hmI95e-ME0Tun8NKwHJxujOWMSUMNxRijVdIi84G_sBikX7yd-IKKSLHmcvK6ZfBy76prR6380AMOdi6uf1rr_XsJhGkH46Eh0ufs/s400/limb+001.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199764933688409714" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Limb construct equipment</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">I began the initial project with:</span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li>Humerus: wide piece of trim</li><li>Radius: wood piece</li><li>Ulna: wood piece</li><li>Bicep brachii and tricep brachii: rubberbands (anchored with push pins)<br /></li><li>Elbow joint: hinge and screws<br /></li></ul><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB31onSDzNAnPXSG2JUslSQsDklYomJf9x3UVtOezYuuHHIQKEWzGFrkZN9Yx6VsqfIVsn46YioTpBROjVAt8M_LQsFx098cjBCeJdqKkWGSXY9hf_MGf4smYRkAxG5FFAULFJxG63ohU/s1600-h/limb+003.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB31onSDzNAnPXSG2JUslSQsDklYomJf9x3UVtOezYuuHHIQKEWzGFrkZN9Yx6VsqfIVsn46YioTpBROjVAt8M_LQsFx098cjBCeJdqKkWGSXY9hf_MGf4smYRkAxG5FFAULFJxG63ohU/s400/limb+003.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199765543573765762" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Beginning of the elbow joint</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrikBNCpKL_LO9rEgRNFX0rf2G7nxaxn75Ihhrcn_V8oKbgzmUSt9h78SnIHQWGULwmREAmc-CdVp8uyUM34vzGXqwxvuJkL_zAwr-x7Y6MYYnf5SN7c91JZaTwkr5QToUBP5eBFUmpa0/s1600-h/limb+008.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrikBNCpKL_LO9rEgRNFX0rf2G7nxaxn75Ihhrcn_V8oKbgzmUSt9h78SnIHQWGULwmREAmc-CdVp8uyUM34vzGXqwxvuJkL_zAwr-x7Y6MYYnf5SN7c91JZaTwkr5QToUBP5eBFUmpa0/s400/limb+008.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199766007430233746" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Bicep brachii (contracted) across humerus to radius</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMHdsWf-xM8CGuIA8iTY0foQ7kjMTE6rD07mPqsfjb6F2lFSt3rSFZ4CCt7jy_PxcP-ykxoqMw6BKBkJ1aH_rbd3quwrBNXJnD5-XFrgj0rLL-dQgr-y2KlmeToaTgT9HeaOWj-QBmiS4/s1600-h/limb+009.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMHdsWf-xM8CGuIA8iTY0foQ7kjMTE6rD07mPqsfjb6F2lFSt3rSFZ4CCt7jy_PxcP-ykxoqMw6BKBkJ1aH_rbd3quwrBNXJnD5-XFrgj0rLL-dQgr-y2KlmeToaTgT9HeaOWj-QBmiS4/s400/limb+009.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199766475581669026" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">T<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">ricep brachii (contracted) across humerus to ulna</span></span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXtmdKiDhZIxmTllPaqj_AaDgOUC1PLy6IUH_eTirbe573ZEGHDInm7GgEurymFpddBBe9ExJ2AmRBZ9nOX5xeVnnN-gCoy5z0bNq87dgH9qBz_mZZ2ELDNWP4s7WNnlkqqEV6KIG0Yhs/s1600-h/limb+012.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXtmdKiDhZIxmTllPaqj_AaDgOUC1PLy6IUH_eTirbe573ZEGHDInm7GgEurymFpddBBe9ExJ2AmRBZ9nOX5xeVnnN-gCoy5z0bNq87dgH9qBz_mZZ2ELDNWP4s7WNnlkqqEV6KIG0Yhs/s400/limb+012.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199768322417606338" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Humerus</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3MSARhCBOeesIX2bc6rVLhj2y8mn07djtYQehic3mFIwBb_FZUeId5mqfjLq06wL9ej16JpW-y_hU9Xc1u1BUMzATI2er0ZHu1wuQ_xk5b-vBEr0gWKWEuOkPPTs3pXUc4wVE7x1HIQ/s1600-h/limb+013.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3MSARhCBOeesIX2bc6rVLhj2y8mn07djtYQehic3mFIwBb_FZUeId5mqfjLq06wL9ej16JpW-y_hU9Xc1u1BUMzATI2er0ZHu1wuQ_xk5b-vBEr0gWKWEuOkPPTs3pXUc4wVE7x1HIQ/s400/limb+013.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199768245108194994" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Ulna and Radius</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">I recycled some of my cell from unit one to show a muscle fiber:</span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li>Sarcolemma: purple ribbon</li><li>Myofibril: groups of dark pink beads</li><li>Mitochondria: light pink beads</li><li>Sarcoplasm: white styrofoam</li></ul><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25pQ0Ov9ZlqCRwkBpdmpmIZ3E6spxGSGg1aDSfdSfthMugvo5JvFJCzBtRFsUn2B2svn7UjzECeT2utAEPoh2fmep2iy9cZ5lcHUIvsSKidxnR_4mgmKZPTSCbQmovtSFCi5PYZ63o18/s1600-h/limb+015.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25pQ0Ov9ZlqCRwkBpdmpmIZ3E6spxGSGg1aDSfdSfthMugvo5JvFJCzBtRFsUn2B2svn7UjzECeT2utAEPoh2fmep2iy9cZ5lcHUIvsSKidxnR_4mgmKZPTSCbQmovtSFCi5PYZ63o18/s400/limb+015.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199789728534609666" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Muscle fiber</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">A muscle fiber slides by contraction and relaxation. When the myofibrils contract, the sacromeres shorten. Thick filaments are composed of several hundred molecules of myosin, which end in a cross bridge on the globular head. Thin filaments are primarily 2 intertwining strands of the protein actin. 2 other proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, play a role. When muscles are stimulated, impulses travel down a T tubule and calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ATP supplies the energy for the muscle contraction. </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Calcium binds to tronoponin, exposing mysoin receptor sites. Myosin then uses ATP to pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere.</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><br /></span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIp5Wo2Ox7Fe-Q3hoBU0D8bQjjxreji7z8fjwDwaJ5Wm8Rikw_Wq7RvB28Rosform2EgsvwDOjzZrRz_ABo4FZavAojVO9lDnABqQr7I1fsc_cgXX95RZShDKv3RjhzQyE9m9yBfEv-6U/s1600-h/limb+016.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIp5Wo2Ox7Fe-Q3hoBU0D8bQjjxreji7z8fjwDwaJ5Wm8Rikw_Wq7RvB28Rosform2EgsvwDOjzZrRz_ABo4FZavAojVO9lDnABqQr7I1fsc_cgXX95RZShDKv3RjhzQyE9m9yBfEv-6U/s400/limb+016.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199790304060227362" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Sarcomeres relaxed</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Calcium binds to tronoponin, exposing mysoin receptor sites. Myosin then uses ATP to pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIxt2T2OlhisyF3cQ5fNOuqWpV8vy7nr1N8hcGIxso_N0qW7WRp4zcHqVQ7aTKfrcs3MNBofihpZpbjDfMUQGW5A4oIN1mjFL_KAWU3Yn3ZPgEjObyIxOkHt7mU-WPT2BgO41AAmtX_m4/s1600-h/limb+020.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIxt2T2OlhisyF3cQ5fNOuqWpV8vy7nr1N8hcGIxso_N0qW7WRp4zcHqVQ7aTKfrcs3MNBofihpZpbjDfMUQGW5A4oIN1mjFL_KAWU3Yn3ZPgEjObyIxOkHt7mU-WPT2BgO41AAmtX_m4/s400/limb+020.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199801634183954258" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Calcium binds to troponin, exposing myosin receptor sites.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkXG1m-ZwTJB18yP2W4zJBod7fDnLOXrU1-NvaFdEArfsZj3i2XUxM8WvI9Zs70eE-j9sMCIQIcMtAX9I6dDw_Vgfr2pN_loK4vfoAPWLz1shGctxbsMJJXC-t8KPsoQIrY_YphrnXTgM/s1600-h/limb+019.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkXG1m-ZwTJB18yP2W4zJBod7fDnLOXrU1-NvaFdEArfsZj3i2XUxM8WvI9Zs70eE-j9sMCIQIcMtAX9I6dDw_Vgfr2pN_loK4vfoAPWLz1shGctxbsMJJXC-t8KPsoQIrY_YphrnXTgM/s400/limb+019.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199796630547054386" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Sarcomeres contract after myosin utilizes ATP to pull actin toward center of sarcomere</span><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">I learned a great deal in this lab regarding limb and muscle movement. The chemical reactions that take place on the microscopic level allow for the movement that we can see at a much larger level.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-69252921034850928532008-05-12T23:04:00.000-07:002008-05-12T23:35:06.832-07:00Leeches - Online Lab<span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">This lab simulates dissection and simulation of neuron activity in a leech.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXkIX6WO41SP6IYvFgHtrXZWhNfbJ425bHMMaw7S4RNn31C7oVYQBlYusKC7-MnvQh2GBue1HWzqO55B0dyY-gdn_oVJ_KsSzciNYv4QZA0nQDFIs_aPayH8nAZ4AkEl7suWUJOCaBno/s1600-h/leech1.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIXkIX6WO41SP6IYvFgHtrXZWhNfbJ425bHMMaw7S4RNn31C7oVYQBlYusKC7-MnvQh2GBue1HWzqO55B0dyY-gdn_oVJ_KsSzciNYv4QZA0nQDFIs_aPayH8nAZ4AkEl7suWUJOCaBno/s400/leech1.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199742166066773570" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBPvu15LhN4U07rj5rqoqGAtm85D-oNBmwUZ9nw4iBUGhgDDLAvPST8MKMv0ImGeyFE37CdWLTz384W0PIg2toCULd24F6NdnfgXUVOsYpTsHpKNFUXI7O0AP7Pc8aIY_y-ekNBDaXlM4/s1600-h/leech2.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBPvu15LhN4U07rj5rqoqGAtm85D-oNBmwUZ9nw4iBUGhgDDLAvPST8MKMv0ImGeyFE37CdWLTz384W0PIg2toCULd24F6NdnfgXUVOsYpTsHpKNFUXI7O0AP7Pc8aIY_y-ekNBDaXlM4/s400/leech2.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199742651398078034" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguiNOcMXV7JUz9MPM87WnE5ls_pibJcmclVXwODj7jX1M0qJiiu3sVRa00rTmJ7qyRVTpNovFCDNylUT0kyikgqQ6E2aVS3Sopd8_NZBDNBhc1T1uJ2bd3C5j-YE8plWgQBSzRltQ9_Tw/s1600-h/leech3.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguiNOcMXV7JUz9MPM87WnE5ls_pibJcmclVXwODj7jX1M0qJiiu3sVRa00rTmJ7qyRVTpNovFCDNylUT0kyikgqQ6E2aVS3Sopd8_NZBDNBhc1T1uJ2bd3C5j-YE8plWgQBSzRltQ9_Tw/s400/leech3.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199743007880363618" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><img style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-3.jpg" alt="" /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">1. What is the electrode measuring?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The electrode is measuring the voltage of individual neurons.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Leeches have large, easily accessible neurons in their nerve cord.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">A sensory neuron takes nerve impulses from a sensory receptor to the CNS. A motor neuron takes nerve impulses away from the CNS to an effector.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">I think a leech experiences pain. Pain is a response from the damage of tissues carried through the neurons by neurotransmitters. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Me trying to overcome my computer illiteracy and I actually thought the background information on the leeches was extremely interesting.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Only my computer and procrastination as usual. You think I would learn, even if I have a good excuse.</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-71092249757315201292008-05-12T13:40:00.000-07:002008-05-12T21:53:59.984-07:00Compendium Review: Reproductive System and Development and Aging<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Reproductive System</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Table of Contents</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Human Life Cycle</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Male Reproductive System</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Female Reproductive System</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Female Hormone Levels</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Control of Reproduction</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Sexually Transmitted Diseases</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Human Life Cycle<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >The reproductive cycle in males and females differs greatly. Sexual maturity in females occurs between the ages of 11-13 and in males from 14-16. DNA is distributed among 46 chromosomes within the nucleus. Mitosis (duplication division) occurs in cells other than reproductive cells. The reproductive system uses mitosis (reduction division). Each reproductive cell contains 23 chromosomes rather than 46 in other cells.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLaT7zoWrJl3yTp_tJMw7MESAZ8iTzbRO21jq94xyRGBQAJpGwy-SEhGTLDnZV6TNydLHxxkPFLQAy02fN1fstNUxTHwNi8D_K7aedP4GUlcxSWvzaXgLrN5CPCuEeKKXvUOYfphXaMW4/s1600-h/fig_13_3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLaT7zoWrJl3yTp_tJMw7MESAZ8iTzbRO21jq94xyRGBQAJpGwy-SEhGTLDnZV6TNydLHxxkPFLQAy02fN1fstNUxTHwNi8D_K7aedP4GUlcxSWvzaXgLrN5CPCuEeKKXvUOYfphXaMW4/s320/fig_13_3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199604877437156466" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial2_files/fig_13_3.jpg</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Male Reproductive System<br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >The male reproductive system includes the following: testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, bulbourethral, and the penis.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibQOMVImAQWUV2Jahq24nPi2N7q5GtSBSdLnLPAPvli_cr91XM9o5zoLHRtXdYj9MYxxNc1ExcubnfLXXRj1idmRKrl0o26CfAB7MNj26ti-M6mjNETccqxW1K9Ck2A28HdIP3cHth7ZM/s1600-h/male.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibQOMVImAQWUV2Jahq24nPi2N7q5GtSBSdLnLPAPvli_cr91XM9o5zoLHRtXdYj9MYxxNc1ExcubnfLXXRj1idmRKrl0o26CfAB7MNj26ti-M6mjNETccqxW1K9Ck2A28HdIP3cHth7ZM/s320/male.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199606187402181762" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.drstandley.com/images/male.gif</span><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjSkZ_IXd9bGT5Q1nkXcsZyAJVZSPa882Oc2XCKUr5sqjZ9WHXmigrLUGCbpCsDTewOS2pgPjMEMDbOI7FbtUf8Gy8cTjUM5sqt4-OKx3u-aQ9pxEO2SLOh3GqsMkU5j4n8te57cb_NU/s1600-h/0053.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjSkZ_IXd9bGT5Q1nkXcsZyAJVZSPa882Oc2XCKUr5sqjZ9WHXmigrLUGCbpCsDTewOS2pgPjMEMDbOI7FbtUf8Gy8cTjUM5sqt4-OKx3u-aQ9pxEO2SLOh3GqsMkU5j4n8te57cb_NU/s400/0053.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199607785130015890" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sex/common/ibank/ibank/0053.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The penis is the male organ of sexual intercourse. The penis has a long shaft and an enlarged tip called the glans penis, which at birth is covered by a layer of skin. Circumcision is the surgical removal of the penis foreskin.<br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiORphPfy6ZiRBc3TSCjIpk6_KK1UG0taNWs1KQsJagKKU22Wj4k5JFB_vA6solQ-0PMtTRLgHQ7yoxpW8K1Ig2lQRzqbvILMn3RyEkVstcqTYIZ5nyiYRzGALrsioFd1zWibmMRSNx6TA/s1600-h/circum.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiORphPfy6ZiRBc3TSCjIpk6_KK1UG0taNWs1KQsJagKKU22Wj4k5JFB_vA6solQ-0PMtTRLgHQ7yoxpW8K1Ig2lQRzqbvILMn3RyEkVstcqTYIZ5nyiYRzGALrsioFd1zWibmMRSNx6TA/s400/circum.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199608966246022306" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/10223.jpg</span><br /><br />Spongy, erectile tissue containing distensible blood spaces extends through the shaft of the penis. During arousal, autonomic nerves release nitric oxide (NO) This leads to the production of cGMP which causes the smooth muscle of incoming arterial walls to relax and the erectile tissue to fill with blood. The veins that take blood away from the penis are compressed and the penis becomes erect.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Mrd3iSvwAHpvLFk5hS4ERbkoAVv8ycBEasrI4ZC85x662QuM_tRj3wc4yvElig7b8cRko4sAI7WmW-RxaUcwxpOh86WxeINxz8DgQ8dlpmuYfhqY-0a52kb0P8_uWFVNd5IRssGvw_4/s1600-h/0045.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Mrd3iSvwAHpvLFk5hS4ERbkoAVv8ycBEasrI4ZC85x662QuM_tRj3wc4yvElig7b8cRko4sAI7WmW-RxaUcwxpOh86WxeINxz8DgQ8dlpmuYfhqY-0a52kb0P8_uWFVNd5IRssGvw_4/s320/0045.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199610980585684146" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sex/common/ibank/ibank/0045.jpg</span><br /><br />The testes produce sperm and the male sex hormones. They lie outside the abdominal cavity within the scrotum. The seminiferous tubules are packed with cells undergoing spermatogenesis (production of sperm). Mature sperm has 3 distinct parts: a head, middle piece, and tail. Mitochondria in the middle piece provide energy for the tail movement.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBwcZnewBitKaC4x2x5VALV39vqA8OpE4dwKdMyYaCfvMYMNIAH7rN7-gm0nWqOj-TB0ww0C76WXF2IdZjMeCtBjfQ-j3dFEt4TSHgJ1tKaglX7spAWzInrvXZ3igUsS4u-7VmiPh3Qhk/s1600-h/sperm.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBwcZnewBitKaC4x2x5VALV39vqA8OpE4dwKdMyYaCfvMYMNIAH7rN7-gm0nWqOj-TB0ww0C76WXF2IdZjMeCtBjfQ-j3dFEt4TSHgJ1tKaglX7spAWzInrvXZ3igUsS4u-7VmiPh3Qhk/s400/sperm.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199616821741206738" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/114-11/sperm.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Sex cells reproduce with meiosis as opposed to mitosis. Spermatogenesis occurs as follows:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWfnp1L7ur9iAkYE1vc58DNv1HbTC7wqY38F3QMoBuP4aDgWjfwcpEpWl0r6kFyvfepkpYriw0VAh-lZvUqpLlBKkxZHyg5nFM8WaNxXFINGEOYlM8Kx6EWCS478LoIJXt5YibAlIVqE/s1600-h/Spermatogenesis.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIWfnp1L7ur9iAkYE1vc58DNv1HbTC7wqY38F3QMoBuP4aDgWjfwcpEpWl0r6kFyvfepkpYriw0VAh-lZvUqpLlBKkxZHyg5nFM8WaNxXFINGEOYlM8Kx6EWCS478LoIJXt5YibAlIVqE/s400/Spermatogenesis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199617861123292386" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://umanitoba.ca/science/biological_sciences/lab14/images/Spermatogenesis.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />The hypothalamus has ultimate control of the testes' sexual function because it secretes a hormone called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). There are 2 gonadotropic hormones: follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are present in both males and females. In males, FSH promotes the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules. LH controls the production of testosterone. Testosterone is the main sex hormone and essential for the normal development and functioning of the male organs.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdqkMOdDXRmT9c-moj_XT2D7MZLprKU8OeqTIvHTl95dUZ0eHarjsGpHpYr7SSjP9WTR8Q8JwcuaYuD__7o96URmQYoAlCjm_CNeXEOUZ-LW-X9auMOLbV1zl10twql1tXjsgeKUuuDnk/s1600-h/04_hormones.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdqkMOdDXRmT9c-moj_XT2D7MZLprKU8OeqTIvHTl95dUZ0eHarjsGpHpYr7SSjP9WTR8Q8JwcuaYuD__7o96URmQYoAlCjm_CNeXEOUZ-LW-X9auMOLbV1zl10twql1tXjsgeKUuuDnk/s400/04_hormones.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199620111686155506" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.dva.gov.au/health/menshealth/images/04_hormones.gif</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Female Reproductive System</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjuly7D_TXlH1J136yFvIOIOPYaOZiNamPyxu65vQ2M71zmTTn-9KLNg4GlugIAwtz7Ugb-29NXY9y0xWfcm9OVTG3Ebh5HQRI4E5YQPIWjqTA70mtcaVeKrhC2zQwql4EYTwYwffQzI/s1600-h/female.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpjuly7D_TXlH1J136yFvIOIOPYaOZiNamPyxu65vQ2M71zmTTn-9KLNg4GlugIAwtz7Ugb-29NXY9y0xWfcm9OVTG3Ebh5HQRI4E5YQPIWjqTA70mtcaVeKrhC2zQwql4EYTwYwffQzI/s400/female.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199621176838044930" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=55703&rendTypeId=4</span><br /><br />The ovaries release one egg a month and fertilization occurs in the oviduct. Development occurs in the uterus. The vagina is the birth canal as well as the organ for sexual intercourse and outlet for menstrual flow. Development of the embryo and fetus takes place in the uterus.<br /><br />The external organs of the female are known collectively as the vulva.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhy-Ue0ROybPj6PDkB-EQf-7BFyITF9gb-zdsdTcnJa5HZupAXPkm15NuuzGh2KO5mwyjrs3DqrHT7r5wuzs30yHdnN6k3Q4lZKZoj-3A00lwp8L6EgWWHRzFHWgCVxUyCUY4e5ljM0vQ/s1600-h/repro_12.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhy-Ue0ROybPj6PDkB-EQf-7BFyITF9gb-zdsdTcnJa5HZupAXPkm15NuuzGh2KO5mwyjrs3DqrHT7r5wuzs30yHdnN6k3Q4lZKZoj-3A00lwp8L6EgWWHRzFHWgCVxUyCUY4e5ljM0vQ/s320/repro_12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199623019379014930" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/repro_12.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Upon sexual stimulation, the labia minora, the vaginal wall, and the clitoris become engorged with blood. The breasts also swell and the nipples become erect. The labia majora enlarge, redden, and spread away from the vaginal opening. Orgasm occurs the height of sexual response. Unlike males, females have no refractory period and can have multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Female Hormone Levels</span></span><br /><br />Female hormone levels cycle on a monthly basis and the ovarian cycle drives the uterine cycle. An ovary contains many follicles and each one contains an immature egg, called an oocyte. A female is born with as many as 2 million follicles, but is reduced to 300,000-400,000 by puberty. During oogenesis, a single follicle actually goes through all stages in one place within the ovary. As the follicle matures, layers of follicel cells surround a secondary oocyte. Eventually, the mature follicle ruptures, the secondary oocyte is released. The follicle then becomes the corpus luteum which eventually disintegrates.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBNI7ZMHd00RRktiQmgj20FY1Xq8TaiZfSQIiz4EXzJtFGpL_lIQWecqMD5NETrhz7f1R3oJQmjV-NEDEeiYdiF_j-meBZewUjwAxy7wzUTIeaUgT3f-692zwD3L1h8mNostTM50Xu34/s1600-h/oogenesis.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoBNI7ZMHd00RRktiQmgj20FY1Xq8TaiZfSQIiz4EXzJtFGpL_lIQWecqMD5NETrhz7f1R3oJQmjV-NEDEeiYdiF_j-meBZewUjwAxy7wzUTIeaUgT3f-692zwD3L1h8mNostTM50Xu34/s320/oogenesis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199626743115660594" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.tarleton.edu/~anatomy/oogenesis.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />The ovarian cycle:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3bQbYGW3n0wDO85Rm_GGfjp27daHP4tHb0LH26HQjG5pYBMJqT2nVLhmWuXWEXOEku5zmABmjtDUuB3bM8w4_EKRbPDbLpo_ooj3v-MiU7WPa-yqiDuSilwzV4k8Ly65ySCuBCcZeigU/s1600-h/cycle_lg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3bQbYGW3n0wDO85Rm_GGfjp27daHP4tHb0LH26HQjG5pYBMJqT2nVLhmWuXWEXOEku5zmABmjtDUuB3bM8w4_EKRbPDbLpo_ooj3v-MiU7WPa-yqiDuSilwzV4k8Ly65ySCuBCcZeigU/s320/cycle_lg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199627580634283330" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/upload/2006/04/cycle_lg.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Estrogen and progesterone affect not only the uterus, but other parts of the body as well. Estrogen is largely responsible for secondary sex characteristics in females. Menopause is a period in a woman's life where the ovarian cycle ceases. This occurs around 45-55 years of age.<br /><br />Estrogen and progesterone have other functions, one affecting the endometrium causing the uterus to undergo a cyclical series of events known as the uterine cycle:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQbQgZwrshjzLhuB9UB3tpIRZPvgwYxfJpUqRT3Apt6T2bUlX5mAsupwhfwKa4l1EG8oT4Uf3cqVSheVrIZ_21t0CHx6N9ARh6Opl_rE7J040-LOs7iArhKcEA3sv_AYLRkVWb1MTKkA/s1600-h/folliclecycle.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQbQgZwrshjzLhuB9UB3tpIRZPvgwYxfJpUqRT3Apt6T2bUlX5mAsupwhfwKa4l1EG8oT4Uf3cqVSheVrIZ_21t0CHx6N9ARh6Opl_rE7J040-LOs7iArhKcEA3sv_AYLRkVWb1MTKkA/s320/folliclecycle.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199631119687335250" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.tarleton.edu/~anatomy/folliclecycle.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Following unprotected sexual intercourse, many sperm will most likely make their way into the oviduct, where the egg is located following ovulation. Only one sperm fertilizes the egg and it becomes a zygote, which begins development as it travels down the oviduct to the uterus. The endometrium is now prepared to receive the developing embryo.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_032LMd0whd6w_16fu9NnF38dX2zsVYiCZEuCHf0VVzKthfcapyDl2vyFLeVf3oLmqPD-wN8pL0jrPGHZ5i4GGzz6I2_lq32ahoXB5V0tthrWQJKlfPTJc1yWIq7jsuf-fo1svEA6YE/s1600-h/fertilization.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_032LMd0whd6w_16fu9NnF38dX2zsVYiCZEuCHf0VVzKthfcapyDl2vyFLeVf3oLmqPD-wN8pL0jrPGHZ5i4GGzz6I2_lq32ahoXB5V0tthrWQJKlfPTJc1yWIq7jsuf-fo1svEA6YE/s320/fertilization.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199633696667712866" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.jillstanek.com/archives/fertilization.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Control of Reproduction</span><br /><br />Several methods are available to both dampen and enhance our reproductive potential. Birth control methods are used to regulate the number of children an individual or couple will have. Abstinence is the most reliable form of birth control and also prevents the transmission of STD's.<br />Other methods of birth control are as follows:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-CpNy_syj0L7K1U76xEa437aEwU9xHLOzGXEqjyq789mnDxnpUGbyydvpPZKVWUlbJGbYL4bKFtSapR8JCeSiT8ddJO7AZSI6Rh6tnrRCbMPcAKSjC_1xNAVu1dnMnYVfj7Snt_LAPs/s1600-h/birth_control_methods.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-CpNy_syj0L7K1U76xEa437aEwU9xHLOzGXEqjyq789mnDxnpUGbyydvpPZKVWUlbJGbYL4bKFtSapR8JCeSiT8ddJO7AZSI6Rh6tnrRCbMPcAKSjC_1xNAVu1dnMnYVfj7Snt_LAPs/s320/birth_control_methods.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199635951525543282" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.femcap.com/images/birth_control_methods.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjS3M6g6ImKfQSIk12seNin9ZER5zq7cv_uqwJT4Nen8Cyveld15CJiDis2lYqRgatF6axkhac0wGjKGpqyovX9LcoBoA8Vt8od_1tUrDbwEf3SY5Fh7rvc8fRYyeAHx9tuIWyzCK3_Zs/s1600-h/bc_methods_english.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjS3M6g6ImKfQSIk12seNin9ZER5zq7cv_uqwJT4Nen8Cyveld15CJiDis2lYqRgatF6axkhac0wGjKGpqyovX9LcoBoA8Vt8od_1tUrDbwEf3SY5Fh7rvc8fRYyeAHx9tuIWyzCK3_Zs/s320/bc_methods_english.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199636295122926978" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.plannedparenthood.org/mar-monte/images/Mar%20Monte/bc_methods_english.gif</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Sterilization is a surgical option that is relatively permanent as the success rate of fertility after reconnection is 50%.<br /><br />Infertility is the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. The most common cause of infertility in males is low sperm count and/or a large proportion of abnormal sperm. In women, body weight is the largest factor. The higher the weight, the less of a chance of conception.<br /><br /><br /><br />Assisted reproductive technologies are available for infertile couples:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Artificial Insemination by donor<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">In Vitro Fertilization</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Surrogate mothers</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Sexually Transmitted Diseases<br /><br /></span>Sexually transmitted diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, and animals.<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaFl_8fAuCa1YU2D5qsm2VVY7_CmDL6GEt7tQ9HgyL6qIbgtWn7jsvZIUL0kFMpICsZQnbOMC-tzeW7cAxouVwOMVphc_J17kECtH0hTEfOdTqUQEQjrvinKUibDoHBxmIy6TlRtCt7Vs/s1600-h/stds.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaFl_8fAuCa1YU2D5qsm2VVY7_CmDL6GEt7tQ9HgyL6qIbgtWn7jsvZIUL0kFMpICsZQnbOMC-tzeW7cAxouVwOMVphc_J17kECtH0hTEfOdTqUQEQjrvinKUibDoHBxmIy6TlRtCt7Vs/s320/stds.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199666261109751186" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/stds.JPG</span><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" > Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). The virus infects the skin and mucous membranes. There are more than 40 HPV types that can infect the genital areas of men and women, including the skin of the penis, vulva (area outside the vagina), and anus, and the linings of the vagina, cervix, and rectum. You cannot see HPV. Most people who become infected with HPV do not even know they have it.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" > <span style="font-weight: bold;">Development and Aging<br /><br /></span>Table of Contents<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Fertilization<br />Pre-embryonic and Embryonic Development<br />Fetal Development<br />Pregnancy and Birth<br />Development After Birth<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" > <span style="font-weight: bold;">Fertilization<br /></span><br />Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg to a zygote. The acrosome of a sperm releases enzymes that digest a pathway for the sperm through the zona pellucida. The sperm nucleus enters the egg and fuses with the egg nucleus.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRnfZrWBy-8iVzgkbttbDNhPbl_SjgDX6mYCODpN_2TL3DjoKGUXcIJu6_4KfN0GkVO4Us_MawupwKoJl3_uYXVXz_waa87OAX-LH1vx8rQwcgsfMMQakdUrf_RKtYF4aOzBPqIAieGA/s1600-h/fertilization3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRnfZrWBy-8iVzgkbttbDNhPbl_SjgDX6mYCODpN_2TL3DjoKGUXcIJu6_4KfN0GkVO4Us_MawupwKoJl3_uYXVXz_waa87OAX-LH1vx8rQwcgsfMMQakdUrf_RKtYF4aOzBPqIAieGA/s320/fertilization3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199675375030353314" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.chariho.k12.ri.us/cms/library/images/reproduction/fertilization3.jpg</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pre-embryonic and Embryonic Development<br /><br /></span>Cleavage, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation are the processes of development.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >The extraembryonic membranes are not part of the embryo and fetus; instead they are outside the embryo. The extraembryonic membranes have the following functions:</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Chorion: develops into the fetal half of the placenta</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Allantois: accumulates the small amount of urine produced by fetal kidneys</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Yolk Sac: first embryonic membrane to appear which contains blood vessels</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Amnion: enlarges as the fetus enlarges and contains cushion to protect the embryo</span></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7OZtx9UZIzdxIYsvKp8-I-RQTMNwOrRqAzWj1uT5yzwwDUY4PZK4Ez58hKcFwCOOg0RLBsq4MH1vpYNMg0hKfasRa5EYfVlz1BKhh9QxVR3D8nzAg1JKvS7YrAkQzCNLLkxixIeKG78/s1600-h/amnion.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7OZtx9UZIzdxIYsvKp8-I-RQTMNwOrRqAzWj1uT5yzwwDUY4PZK4Ez58hKcFwCOOg0RLBsq4MH1vpYNMg0hKfasRa5EYfVlz1BKhh9QxVR3D8nzAg1JKvS7YrAkQzCNLLkxixIeKG78/s320/amnion.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199680309947776450" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/amnion.jpg</span><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />Development encompasses the events from fertilization to birth. Pre-embryonic development encompasses the events from the first week.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqS67DYjxMCP9RXQbCl3DdfT99sQK_39kx5sTAfXvLwPI9ri2MUAyuhEIRZtuPKHRURCtOBg5IqHWd1H1RrnygYunYlXf6cUx5zR2W_M_ybtvcnAUofAzLQeqBFrw2uH3yQFO-ey74y0Y/s1600-h/rem2s2_1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqS67DYjxMCP9RXQbCl3DdfT99sQK_39kx5sTAfXvLwPI9ri2MUAyuhEIRZtuPKHRURCtOBg5IqHWd1H1RrnygYunYlXf6cUx5zR2W_M_ybtvcnAUofAzLQeqBFrw2uH3yQFO-ey74y0Y/s320/rem2s2_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199687607097212370" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/re/m2/s2/assets/images/rem2s2_1.jpg</span><br /><br />Embryonic development begins with the second week and lasts until the end of the second month. During implantation, the chorion secretes enzymes to digest away some of the tissue and blood vessels of the endometruim and uterus and begins to secrete human chorionic gonadotropin. The start of the major event called gastrulation turns the inner cell mass into the embryonic disk.<br /><br />Fetal development begins in the third month and the uterus is the size of a grapefruit.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfRJLQGt_7y9x8j4OvZMVrS9RVsyk4eBOelUIGlF42HgAPy1IsWCDwWgMzZIw8AtbchXJUEn7Pykh-_ao52SmdyC6JLFNd-YmfumLbiI2P9vmOME61taIXsTBdBe5tDtxPzWict0Xo5nM/s1600-h/CP1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfRJLQGt_7y9x8j4OvZMVrS9RVsyk4eBOelUIGlF42HgAPy1IsWCDwWgMzZIw8AtbchXJUEn7Pykh-_ao52SmdyC6JLFNd-YmfumLbiI2P9vmOME61taIXsTBdBe5tDtxPzWict0Xo5nM/s320/CP1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199699517041524194" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.cerebralpalsychildren.com/CP1.jpg</span><br /><br /></span><table style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8"><tbody><tr><td><span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/4.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">One Month</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Your baby is an <strong>embryo</strong> consisting of two layers of cells from which all her organs and body parts will develop.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-4-weeks">4 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-5-weeks">5 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-6-weeks">6 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-7-weeks">7 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/8.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Two Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Your baby is now about <strong>the size of a kidney bean</strong> and is constantly moving. He has distinct, <strong>slightly webbed fingers</strong>.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-8-weeks">8 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-9-weeks">9 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-10-weeks">10 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-11-weeks">11 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-12-weeks">12 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/13.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Three Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">By now your baby is about 3 inches long and weighs nearly an ounce. Her tiny, unique <strong>fingerprints</strong> are now in place.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-13-weeks">13 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-14-weeks">14 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-15-weeks">15 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-16-weeks">16 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/17.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Four Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Your baby is now about <strong>5 inches long</strong> and weighs 5 ounces. His skeleton is starting to harden from rubbery cartilage to <strong>bone</strong>.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-17-weeks">17 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-18-weeks">18 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-19-weeks">19 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-20-weeks">20 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/21.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Five Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>Eyebrows and eyelids</strong> are now in place. Your baby would now be more than 10 inches long if you stretched out her legs.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-21-weeks">21 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-22-weeks">22 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-23-weeks">23 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-24-weeks">24 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/25.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Six Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Your baby weighs about a <strong>pound and a half</strong>. His wrinkled skin is starting to <strong>smooth out</strong> as he puts on baby fat. </span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-25-weeks">25 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-26-weeks">26 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-27-weeks">27 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-28-weeks">28 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-29-weeks">29 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/30.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Seven Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">By now, your baby weighs about <strong>3 pounds</strong> and is more than 15 inches long. She can open and close her eyes and <strong>follow a light</strong>.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-30-weeks">30 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-31-weeks">31 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-32-weeks">32 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-33-weeks">33 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/34.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Eight Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">Your baby now weighs about 4 3/4 pounds. His <strong>layers of fat</strong> are filling him out, making him rounder, and his <strong>lungs</strong> are well developed.</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-34-weeks">34 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-35-weeks">35 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-36-weeks">36 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-37-weeks">37 weeks</a></span></li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/index/38.jpg" height="111" width="134" /></span> </td> <td> <h2 class="label"><span style="font-size:100%;">Nine Months</span></h2> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">The <strong>average baby</strong> is more than 19 inches long and weighs nearly 7 pounds now, but <strong>babies vary widely</strong> in size at this stage</span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-38-weeks">38 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-39-weeks">39 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-40-weeks">40 weeks</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-images-41-weeks">41 weeks</a></span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >Development of Male and Female Genitals</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><br />The sex of an individual is determined at the moment of fertilization. Males have a pair of chromosomes designated XY and females have XX. During the first several weeks of development, it is impossible to tell the gender of an unborn child by external inspection.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9VbiWj9sSVodU_H6WdchghOUsaXYWPqn6sU59Cabu0UNYc50WoHMbVTE2iSfn__MVmiCSD6dstE-DHo6pKN1iYcMxEAB8ONvXvHk8eIWXjymcE9gS83wYZ3v8Rb3ciiFpAk5pdMDLmOQ/s1600-h/29-1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9VbiWj9sSVodU_H6WdchghOUsaXYWPqn6sU59Cabu0UNYc50WoHMbVTE2iSfn__MVmiCSD6dstE-DHo6pKN1iYcMxEAB8ONvXvHk8eIWXjymcE9gS83wYZ3v8Rb3ciiFpAk5pdMDLmOQ/s320/29-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199701527086218738" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >http://www.mfi.ku.dk/PPaulev/chapter29/images/29-1.jpg<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8RBR3IuqrSGtVdMLccWY2CC622DnUgj9F4dAFLeE9mDRrgXJ9KziP-py1ohot7a1g4yElku-46V8J_su688XfQFpg1gFAKAkUPmw7zcPvA4EefQyTh-b5VWBA6NgG6dDatjiVDarmL8/s1600-h/0058b.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8RBR3IuqrSGtVdMLccWY2CC622DnUgj9F4dAFLeE9mDRrgXJ9KziP-py1ohot7a1g4yElku-46V8J_su688XfQFpg1gFAKAkUPmw7zcPvA4EefQyTh-b5VWBA6NgG6dDatjiVDarmL8/s320/0058b.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199703665979932162" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" >http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sex/common/ibank/ibank/0058b.jpg<br /><br />Sometimes, abnormalities in genital development occur. Some XY indivisuals develop into females and some XX individuals develop into males. In androgen insensitivity syndrome, the 3 types of hormones are produced by testes, but the individual develops as a female because the plasma membrane receptors for testosterone are ineffective. True gonadal hermaphroditism in which a person has both ovarian and testicular tissue is rare. However, about 1% of the population has psuedohermaproditism. The individual has testes, but appears to be a normal female until puberty.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pregnancy and Birth<br /><br /></span>Major changes take place in the mother's body during pregnancy: energy levels fluctuate, the uterus relaxes, the pulmonary values increase, possible stress incontinence, edema, varicose veins, and of course, stretch marks. The uterus has contractions throughout the pregnancy. False labor contractions are called Braxton-Hicks contractions. Labor has 3 stages.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeThFHJnahOH83sAnLbaneUi5gfmxSQCC4Xgh0gbFudJfI_SUAC9IPRt6SJjS0Ti7cFJzgQznw_3ackG4u4m8_aVG9LSjpNVFQ9Zr363PTD7lNn1EKQ7DIYjBboxhwU3sn90DA0_wP48/s1600-h/Amanda+Birth.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeThFHJnahOH83sAnLbaneUi5gfmxSQCC4Xgh0gbFudJfI_SUAC9IPRt6SJjS0Ti7cFJzgQznw_3ackG4u4m8_aVG9LSjpNVFQ9Zr363PTD7lNn1EKQ7DIYjBboxhwU3sn90DA0_wP48/s320/Amanda+Birth.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199714064095755794" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.stewwebb.com/Amanda%20Birth.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Development After Birth<br /><br /></span>Development does not cease once birth has occurred. Aging encompasses the progressive changes that contribute to an increased risk of infirmity, disease, and death. There are many hypotheses regarding aging: genetic, a whole body process, and/or other extrinsic factors. Aging affects our body systems in different ways: less elasticity in the skin, collagen fibers decrease, fewer sweat glands, fewer hair follicles, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory disorders, lower blood supply to various organs, constipation, heart burn, gastritis, cancer, neuron death due to a lack of O2 from reduced blood flow, loss of skeletal muscle mass, decline in bone density, arthritis, and hormone level decrease.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFOXrOT5h-6TBwBpzSwvmF6g34KUQ2nBbuqt4XsB4dx593LVR0qE3q2hylARhzpGzwKDb4jZre1P68bWuHkp0Yr0ABZv4Vcx04Fg3nlOUcXjUSgWU__fAKUxixhjxUvQZxQQxRE-prL0/s1600-h/special_features-medicine_mismanagement-2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFOXrOT5h-6TBwBpzSwvmF6g34KUQ2nBbuqt4XsB4dx593LVR0qE3q2hylARhzpGzwKDb4jZre1P68bWuHkp0Yr0ABZv4Vcx04Fg3nlOUcXjUSgWU__fAKUxixhjxUvQZxQQxRE-prL0/s320/special_features-medicine_mismanagement-2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199718457847299618" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:78%;" >http://www.forpeaceofmind.com.au/Vol7/media/images/special_features-medicine_mismanagement-2.jpg</span><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:85%;" >References:</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:85%;" >Human Reproduction. (2008). www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/n100/2k4ch39repronotes.html</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:85%;" >Mader, S. (2008). Reproductive System and Development and Aging. Human Biology 10th Ed. (p 319-352)</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-size:85%;" >Sexual Development. (2008). www.themediaproject.com/facts/development/lifecycle.htm</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><br /></span></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-25121669600313056192008-05-12T11:00:00.000-07:002008-05-12T13:01:09.157-07:00Reproduction-Online LabThe most important step to begin the reproductive cycle (after intercourse) is <span style="font-style: italic;">fertilization</span>. Fertilization begins when a sperm penetrates an oocyte. Sperm live for about 48 hours and fertilization takes about 24 hours. Only 1% of the sperm in the vaginal canal make it to the uterus. The fusion of the oocyte and sperm nuclei marks the creation of the zygote and the end of fertilization.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">1 day post ovulation</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0_w8frk2D8NXE98mnnVXP3qbHxTrh_e5xEE-xecH5U4ecg7lB9O442YB4FlWOvJ963PgRxm8VU9JtrFgK4SfekqyVq-pX3jj_R_8xfTfg47Iz13h8Vk0k_553KxCdnLxlMSx-8fkLfY/s1600-h/spermjpg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0_w8frk2D8NXE98mnnVXP3qbHxTrh_e5xEE-xecH5U4ecg7lB9O442YB4FlWOvJ963PgRxm8VU9JtrFgK4SfekqyVq-pX3jj_R_8xfTfg47Iz13h8Vk0k_553KxCdnLxlMSx-8fkLfY/s320/spermjpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199560905561979842" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://assets.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/2.jpg<br /><br /><br /></span>Cellular division begins and after a few weeks, the embryo elongates and expands the yolk sac.<br />The division continues and at about 9 weeks, <span style="font-style: italic;">the essential body parts are accounted for</span> and the heart finishes division into four chambers.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">9 weeks</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgNePuJWlvYa-o3n5fowe-nIsFtCWaLsuXzQoNJv9L1qNzIUWJNIqK1Su1pStq0zWVynN8X9JWcc4tad2An9EScQdjSzdt3tqkM8JkSvDF2HYo_UCQYMW6CsIQtvZKi2HOOQts_SSeNw/s1600-h/9wks.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgNePuJWlvYa-o3n5fowe-nIsFtCWaLsuXzQoNJv9L1qNzIUWJNIqK1Su1pStq0zWVynN8X9JWcc4tad2An9EScQdjSzdt3tqkM8JkSvDF2HYo_UCQYMW6CsIQtvZKi2HOOQts_SSeNw/s320/9wks.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199564637888560082" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://assets.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/9.jpg</span><br /><br />The first trimester ends at about 12 weeks. During this time, reflexes develop. Nerve cells are multiplying and synapses are forming furiously. At week 14, <span style="font-style: italic;">fetal sexual organs are visible</span>, so you can now concentrate on boy or girl names and buying all sorts of color coordinated expensive baby belongings :)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">14 weeks</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIn9JFR4xuk8JB3PjeGiJtFOlkKp5fGcZeCwA5TUMTFfzOFkQQV9v9lQp20o47Y5_pF_yV5_o50P6EdMDVbEhILBpO_BlbW05ZfNBLdAwyT8UYSoq3bxGGRl6hRQMF9Tu_h7CCXUx4rg/s1600-h/14.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVIn9JFR4xuk8JB3PjeGiJtFOlkKp5fGcZeCwA5TUMTFfzOFkQQV9v9lQp20o47Y5_pF_yV5_o50P6EdMDVbEhILBpO_BlbW05ZfNBLdAwyT8UYSoq3bxGGRl6hRQMF9Tu_h7CCXUx4rg/s320/14.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199567768919718882" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://assets.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/14.jpg</span><br /><br />At 20 weeks, <span style="font-style: italic;">bone marrow starts making blood cells</span> and the mother can detect fetal movement.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">20 weeks</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoXupW_M0j0HwsW8d3FQsrcJ3mQ9k5_ZK5rCPlNiR4dBwnCmYhOZu4wCWVi88_pJsHp6zmvFFy_y1wiQqDl7UwTh3jy1ueYiU4MBNXqnNdSFGPkoAYjacYmzKo5llaXJGwvOVTHC87OfA/s1600-h/20.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoXupW_M0j0HwsW8d3FQsrcJ3mQ9k5_ZK5rCPlNiR4dBwnCmYhOZu4wCWVi88_pJsHp6zmvFFy_y1wiQqDl7UwTh3jy1ueYiU4MBNXqnNdSFGPkoAYjacYmzKo5llaXJGwvOVTHC87OfA/s320/20.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199578867115211826" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/stages/popups/20/index.jpg</span><br /><br />At 22 weeks, hearing is possible and during week 23, sensory brain waves activate the auditory and visual systems and <span style="font-style: italic;">blood vessel development begins in the lungs</span> to prepare for life outside the uterus.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">23 weeks</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWUc_V6HZDL421pBIw5OsAHBgU_xaesmW9m2jtKHj8y5CDYS6mRm5FTL-TaU-t9EjtMt0aOXOsmF0qYxHHqyuAFzYDlENt-QTbOyj5qWTV2QT_wWStdQ_vqRDyCalf6XT7X9HTelYOD8o/s1600-h/23.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWUc_V6HZDL421pBIw5OsAHBgU_xaesmW9m2jtKHj8y5CDYS6mRm5FTL-TaU-t9EjtMt0aOXOsmF0qYxHHqyuAFzYDlENt-QTbOyj5qWTV2QT_wWStdQ_vqRDyCalf6XT7X9HTelYOD8o/s320/23.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199569718834871282" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://assets.babycenter.com/i/m/fetal/23.jpg<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">At week 26, <span style="font-style: italic;">the lungs are capable of breathing air</span>. Testes in the male also descend into the scrotum.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">26 weeks</span><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7eSKVLcor20O9oj18BAiL1aEnXS8yXkLLVAXrlav7_HG5IIp4c0zZka2MhVtyApiPx5Rhfrh-z5WMxKfhGtIH5RgIGQ4rqF-zHVlUDtsXCsSXSnosfP7Q3_Ri-KxQglu1Rs_KQfLPJA/s1600-h/26.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd7eSKVLcor20O9oj18BAiL1aEnXS8yXkLLVAXrlav7_HG5IIp4c0zZka2MhVtyApiPx5Rhfrh-z5WMxKfhGtIH5RgIGQ4rqF-zHVlUDtsXCsSXSnosfP7Q3_Ri-KxQglu1Rs_KQfLPJA/s320/26.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199573451161451554" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">At 32 weeks, the immune system begins to develop. With the plethora of problems that both an under-active and over-active immune system can cause, this step is particularly important.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">32 weeks</span><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYPqQ1B2zJ2MwsisQtWcQRknyHSGlJtz05Kt8rxw1q883LAEFgaTDJ6FEvQ7D4UBI9P99ENYaDBiyPadj-539zmlOapalcfHU6fqNWmumDTpDBl4aNphnQpDpaQXklBcsGeIimZPTJ0g/s1600-h/32.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYPqQ1B2zJ2MwsisQtWcQRknyHSGlJtz05Kt8rxw1q883LAEFgaTDJ6FEvQ7D4UBI9P99ENYaDBiyPadj-539zmlOapalcfHU6fqNWmumDTpDBl4aNphnQpDpaQXklBcsGeIimZPTJ0g/s320/32.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199571681634925570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br />http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/stages/popups/32/index.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">At 36 weeks, the orienting response is prevalent. Ossification of the bones begins and the leg bone is completely ossified. <span style="font-style: italic;">At the end of this week, a fetus is considered full-term.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">36 weeks<br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIqdiffALIfeqX_2QRmPGggYLLZgQ1JZj20r9e36GsVHnJaXLPRCrAcM2TUxOXfOLDkcFTgOXNNBIJwUrCOzbVN7xoZjWeXTD3fVlUwoOY006gr8TFYwiW0zVSlfJokOW7-A05bva4Gg/s1600-h/ultrasound_36_hg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIqdiffALIfeqX_2QRmPGggYLLZgQ1JZj20r9e36GsVHnJaXLPRCrAcM2TUxOXfOLDkcFTgOXNNBIJwUrCOzbVN7xoZjWeXTD3fVlUwoOY006gr8TFYwiW0zVSlfJokOW7-A05bva4Gg/s320/ultrasound_36_hg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199580950174350402" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.babycenter.com/i/m/stages/ultrasound/ultrasound_36_hg.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">At 38 weeks, <span style="font-style: italic;">the organs are fully developed for life outside the womb</span>. Lungs increase production of surfactant to keep alveoli open.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">38 weeks<br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbKEAqiFHpSj6xu8Cx5yapBsX4CAqWL_fYo5hUyg5mRfvtT-ErYAWHhwyaKsZ0M8McanOAWJK15-7AQsAQg3NyYFDLcxCncWzfDHNMJmRNsKUzpSoJ08wdkHaNy67CTJXJtWcyDZmSRY/s1600-h/38.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbKEAqiFHpSj6xu8Cx5yapBsX4CAqWL_fYo5hUyg5mRfvtT-ErYAWHhwyaKsZ0M8McanOAWJK15-7AQsAQg3NyYFDLcxCncWzfDHNMJmRNsKUzpSoJ08wdkHaNy67CTJXJtWcyDZmSRY/s320/38.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199582556492119122" border="0" /></a><br />h<span style="font-size:78%;">ttp://www.babycenter.com/i/m/stages/popups/38/index.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">At 40 weeks, the fetus is full term and <span style="font-style: italic;">birth is imminent</span>. The fetus has over 300 bones, which will later fuse to the 206 bones of an adult.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBYtR2Rleni8uHWKLJpY9yhwisZdU_76bGGbLl4XkZ-f55mw9j29PJ_HrqXrhGE9QpX7sud68Ipt-TlWzCyF02amISbNPlFpwV2gb9trepj15I9tjob84LUoeYHGHiT4BoFUqeQoLZYHo/s1600-h/twins.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBYtR2Rleni8uHWKLJpY9yhwisZdU_76bGGbLl4XkZ-f55mw9j29PJ_HrqXrhGE9QpX7sud68Ipt-TlWzCyF02amISbNPlFpwV2gb9trepj15I9tjob84LUoeYHGHiT4BoFUqeQoLZYHo/s320/twins.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199583754787994722" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.channel4.com/health/microsites/M/miracles_in_the_womb/images/feature1.jpg</span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-74359313364025707152008-05-12T04:10:00.000-07:002008-05-12T10:51:31.121-07:00Is Exercise Enough? Obviously not...<span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> You know there is a problem in this country when even our pets are fat. We live in a society abundant with food, fat, sugar, and lethargy. There doesn't seem to be a happy medium either...you are either obese or anorexic. Schools try and make up the difference with a quarter or semester of gym and Domino's Pizza. Many parents don't teach their children healthy eating choices and the media bombards us with fast food, sweet treats, sexy bodies, miracle diets, and exercise equipment for the rest of us to work off all the fat.<br /><br /> I think a bigger concern should be a focus on a healthy lifestyle and exercise habits for everyone, not just obese people. Everywhere we turn, the media tells us how we should dress, what to wear, how to look and what kind of body is perfect. Many young women starve themselves to look like a super-model, only to find themselves just as unhealthy (if not worse) than many overweight people.<br /> <br />Having fought with my weight for quite a bit of my life, I have found that regardless of how well I eat, I have never lost weight without some kind of exercise. I was heavy when I was younger until I discovered sports. After that, I ate whatever I wanted, whenever I wanted, without any problem. Finding sports was almost a religious experience. However, I never understood how poorly I ate.<br /><br />I gained about 100 lbs when I was pregnant when I was 17. I was depressed and unhappy for quite sometime and I didn't even want to leave the house. Although I exercised, it was not nearly to the level I used to, and my eating habits were not even close to healthy. After a few years, I became so obsessed with my weight that I made myself so sick I ended up having a miscarriage when I did not even know I was pregnant. I exercised to the point I put myself in the hospital, I counted every fat gram I ate and weighed myself countless times a day. I worked security at a forklift plant that had 3 forklift scales and I started weighing myself 3 times an hour on each scale and averaging my weight over an eight or ten hour shift.<br /><br />I also worked nights at the security plant by myself. I started walking more than just my regular security rounds. I tried to end up 1 pound lighter every night I went to work. I started walking 2 miles a night, then 3,4,5...I kept walking until sometimes I would walk 25 miles during a 10 hour shift. I felt so much pressure to lose weight, and of course people noticed, that I kept pushing myself past the point any semblance of a healthy life style. It took sometime to come to a balance of healthy exercise and proper nutrition.<br /><br />Young adults are not given many of the proper tools regarding nutrition, exercise, and positive body image by their parents or during the educational process. More so than exercise or healthy eating alone, we need to impart that a balance of eating healthy and exercise are a choice that leads to a healthier and happier lifestyle.</span><br /></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-36072657752552377522008-05-12T01:16:00.000-07:002008-05-12T02:18:58.865-07:00How Do Muscles Work? Online lab<span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >This lab highlights the importance of muscle function, contraction, and the ability of the muscle when stressors are present.</span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >Muscle Action:</span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Muscles contract when in use and their length and circumference changes dependent on contraction or relaxation. For example, when you flex your bicep (bicep brachii), the circumference is greater and the muscle itself is shorter; the opposite occurs during relaxation.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeWQDsDnc6xi4pHDWZiadhZcFl4WP744u1cKatQkHPVVla8sUr7cS_JHLgKi250aHj4h8Emr_XLPB8DPjQHAB7iGRfq1yY2EPE1XXRy91pnu2qGHHKyd9OWGqwJsQU6c00KJy_RCV23E/s1600-h/biceps.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeWQDsDnc6xi4pHDWZiadhZcFl4WP744u1cKatQkHPVVla8sUr7cS_JHLgKi250aHj4h8Emr_XLPB8DPjQHAB7iGRfq1yY2EPE1XXRy91pnu2qGHHKyd9OWGqwJsQU6c00KJy_RCV23E/s320/biceps.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199406926689450882" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >http://www.arn.org/docs/glicksman/090104%20fig1biceps.jpg<br /><br />Stressors affect the ability of muscles to properly function. One such stressor is coldness.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixAWU-ly5oLREA9MXU9xvJYF7ze3R61MJyP7j_jjpQFLOpB0BhMQwvBnxgruqSR8FcTy4kUnDBiXq8_u4h2P3QrFK1jmxIgTqamwezXwlVXEBGtSy4oTSZZuUeZAo1-jkWAZ8GRNPmy-4/s1600-h/Antarctica_sea_ice_forming2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixAWU-ly5oLREA9MXU9xvJYF7ze3R61MJyP7j_jjpQFLOpB0BhMQwvBnxgruqSR8FcTy4kUnDBiXq8_u4h2P3QrFK1jmxIgTqamwezXwlVXEBGtSy4oTSZZuUeZAo1-jkWAZ8GRNPmy-4/s320/Antarctica_sea_ice_forming2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199407871582256018" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >http://www.coolantarctica.com/gallery/scenic/Seaice%20formation/Antarctica_sea_ice_forming2.jpg</span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br />For this experiment, I made a certain number of fists in room temperature and shortly thereafter, a certain number number after submerging my hand in ice water for 60 seconds.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHwctXd5TQ37u_ydJcvWxHrWoQkV8eyj81BSKs4_iFs6gX4vf1mjhZMgRQJiLsc7ItSMgSzexva6lu_c-PGyaCEVEijBqUT4H0hrzWXe3nfTEDwq8lS9a_nqnKgrKGGI3a-ZWRJZHJWD4/s1600-h/frostbite.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHwctXd5TQ37u_ydJcvWxHrWoQkV8eyj81BSKs4_iFs6gX4vf1mjhZMgRQJiLsc7ItSMgSzexva6lu_c-PGyaCEVEijBqUT4H0hrzWXe3nfTEDwq8lS9a_nqnKgrKGGI3a-ZWRJZHJWD4/s320/frostbite.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199408687626042274" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >http://www.holidaycityflash.com/article%20pix/frostbite.jpg</span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br />Ok, maybe a bit dramatic for 60 seconds in ice water, although I almost felt ready for the Polar Bear Club!<br /><br /></span> <table style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 42pt;"> <td style="border: 6pt double windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;" valign="top" width="150"> <h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><u><span style="font-weight: bold;">Temperature</span><o:p></o:p></u></span></h1> </td> <td style="border-style: double double double none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <h2><span style="font-size:100%;">Number of Fists<o:p></o:p></span></h2> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 42pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="150"> <h2><span style="font-size:100%;">Normal<o:p></o:p></span></h2> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:100%;"><i>45<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 42pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="150"> <h2><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ice Water</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt; height: 42pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="150"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size:100%;"><i>30<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">The cold definitely affected my ability to make a fist. The muscles were sluggish and tired, however, once the cold wore off toward the end, I felt like the fist were a little quicker. In the next experiment, I will test muscle strain under the stressor fatigue by squeezing a rubber ball a certain number of times within 20 seconds, 10 times.</span><br /><br /></span> <table style="border: medium none ; margin-left: 5.4pt; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="height: 22.5pt;"> <td style="border: 6pt double windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;">Trial<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: double double double none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 6pt 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.5pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;">Number of Squeezes<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">38<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">36<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">32<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">32<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">28<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">24<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">22<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">20<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">18<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.05pt;"> <td style="border-style: none double double; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none double double none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 6pt 6pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt; height: 22.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;">16<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Over the course of the repetitions, my strength definitely diminished! Not to mention that is not a common, repetitive movement that is utilized day in and day out.</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" >Conclusion:</span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Stressors such as cold and fatigue do affect muscles of the human body. Some of the process may be due to possible vasoconstriction and lack of blood flow from cold, along with the body beginning to focus on internal organs as opposed to the extremities. Fatigue possibly utilizes the supply of stored muscle energy at much higher rate with nothing left to replenish the depleted chemicals.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: verdana;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><br /></span> <div align="center"><br /></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-81699279566876572872008-05-08T08:35:00.000-07:002008-05-12T00:38:25.464-07:00Compendium Review: Skeletal System and Muscular System<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:130%;" >Skeletal System</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Table of Contents:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Overview of Skeletal System</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Bone Growth, Remodeling, and Repair</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Bones of the Axial System</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Articulations</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Overview of the Skeletal System</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The skeletal system consists of 206 bones in and adult, along with the cartilage and fibrous connective tissue which occurs in the ligaments in the joints. The skeleton supports the body, protects soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat, and along with muscle, permits flexible body movement.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxT7IIv2xrqWkMQQVf7uR5R-J1X8IRWywYxv2I0IvZBEq2Fv29gcY0V6NbqG9VVj8MQZrkoh6RQJryhM4HaCWXqouHAGtouOtm-1S5PHlWCB9olQl17q7dxPWRfVHDqgpdOVHunn14N3Y/s1600-h/skeleton.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxT7IIv2xrqWkMQQVf7uR5R-J1X8IRWywYxv2I0IvZBEq2Fv29gcY0V6NbqG9VVj8MQZrkoh6RQJryhM4HaCWXqouHAGtouOtm-1S5PHlWCB9olQl17q7dxPWRfVHDqgpdOVHunn14N3Y/s320/skeleton.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198032643588308866" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio105/skeleton.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The shaft, or main portion of a long bone, is called the diaphysis. The diaphysis has a large medullary cavity, whose walls are composed of compact bone, lined with endosteum, and filled with yellow bone marrow. The expanded region at the end of a long bone is the epipysis and is composed largely of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow. The epiphyses are coated with articular cartilage. Except for the articular cartilage, a long bone is covered with periosteum (a layer of fibrous connective tissue.)</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHuUOtpj_r5zCRr73_V5E0pFbc4WTYJR4Hadt7JG3UO3gs3NGj5OjjabrnUNct3Vb6bffRty_jk7eXQpz9dKGSs0L08_5ah8N4-29OnMk8N_yuc0hRazcwMyXjUsG0b6zG4zQ95Jq118/s1600-h/long_bone.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHuUOtpj_r5zCRr73_V5E0pFbc4WTYJR4Hadt7JG3UO3gs3NGj5OjjabrnUNct3Vb6bffRty_jk7eXQpz9dKGSs0L08_5ah8N4-29OnMk8N_yuc0hRazcwMyXjUsG0b6zG4zQ95Jq118/s320/long_bone.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198035658655350706" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/long_bone.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Compact bone is highly organized and composed of tubular units called osteons. Bone cells called osteocytes lie in lacunae which are tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal. Spongy bone has a much less organized appearance and contains thin plates called trabeculae separated by unequal spaces. Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone, but designed for strength. The spaces of spongy bone are filled with red marrow.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO2XoOA2PX52chYw8rjOaxl3oeCKqrPj9ylZ1r8ESh0-mSsTw7tOqqzJ3qmRxPxlrxw3eSMWGEzaOGwYqpBIQZHmvFDeb85Yn3e_r90kIB3ubc3i2fuFuHYLHNATXRimkdobtfVAE7b1Q/s1600-h/compact_spongy_bone.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO2XoOA2PX52chYw8rjOaxl3oeCKqrPj9ylZ1r8ESh0-mSsTw7tOqqzJ3qmRxPxlrxw3eSMWGEzaOGwYqpBIQZHmvFDeb85Yn3e_r90kIB3ubc3i2fuFuHYLHNATXRimkdobtfVAE7b1Q/s320/compact_spongy_bone.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198035439612018594" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Skeletal/compact_spongy_bone.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Cartilage is not as strong as bone, but is more flexible because the gel-like matrix contains collagenous and elastic fibers. The cells, chondrocytes, are irregularly grouped. There are 3 types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkDvXYv9og1IxJ4XjFZn7bFptmE4kr7TDN_-B6bBlZQ5EoXi3bCY5Kl8Ih3tuFPTpu04TgcqkPZI1ukeCnmtzNOGQJUbgkc2yta3JtRTGe_PaJInR-fjfocnEL3aF6_TKlO0l9MN13OIM/s1600-h/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkDvXYv9og1IxJ4XjFZn7bFptmE4kr7TDN_-B6bBlZQ5EoXi3bCY5Kl8Ih3tuFPTpu04TgcqkPZI1ukeCnmtzNOGQJUbgkc2yta3JtRTGe_PaJInR-fjfocnEL3aF6_TKlO0l9MN13OIM/s320/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198042599322501058" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TISSUES/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Fibrous connective tissue contains rows of cells called fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers. This tissue makes up the ligaments that connect bone to bone and the tendons that connect muscles to a bone joint.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTytjzkOtiXMbe2U56jWt2MOFwJ3yFue81dv5dnQfOitNOocs1Gqi18evuZgquo_QIg2poJcjkZslBDUuqHTAvzWjSVnq0cSxh-K5WC4MUO-IBdXuw6YfnUM9tGqs1txlGUIP00-jPCzE/s1600-h/gctenmp1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTytjzkOtiXMbe2U56jWt2MOFwJ3yFue81dv5dnQfOitNOocs1Gqi18evuZgquo_QIg2poJcjkZslBDUuqHTAvzWjSVnq0cSxh-K5WC4MUO-IBdXuw6YfnUM9tGqs1txlGUIP00-jPCzE/s320/gctenmp1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198043200617922514" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.bweems.com/gctenmp1.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bone Growth, Remodeling and Repair</span><br /><br />Bones are composed of living tissues as exemplified by their ability to grow, remodel and repair. Several types of cells are involved in bone growth:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li>Osteoblasts: bone forming cells that secrete the organic matrix of bone</li><li>Osteocytes: mature bone derived from osteoblasts</li><li>Osteoclasts: bone absorbing cells that break down bone and assist in depositing calcium and phosphate in blood</li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The term ossification refers to the formation of bone. The bones of the skeleton form during embryonic development in 2 distinctive ways:</span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li>Intramembranous ossification: bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue and cells derived from connevtive tissue cells become osteoblasts, which form spongy bone<br /></li><li>Endochondrial ossification: bones replace the cartilaginous models of the bone; gradually the cartilage is replaced by calcified bone</li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">When the epiphyseal plates close, bone length can no longer occur. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth of the epiphyseal plates, as well as bone growth in general. Too much or too little GH produces gigantism or dwarfism, respectively.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7qmB8JIl5dgOC_TDeZtJTP1v5aD1DB6397fceOrvpmATmwMg8Q-VQfT-i9w207qWuDb2equoDDzquQsmZmbh5GWhH0SIxwt6SDgDRQVhcQ3fibQ0_1ohpXbqj6-Zu1VB-quvITCYEx4/s1600-h/robert-wadlow.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7qmB8JIl5dgOC_TDeZtJTP1v5aD1DB6397fceOrvpmATmwMg8Q-VQfT-i9w207qWuDb2equoDDzquQsmZmbh5GWhH0SIxwt6SDgDRQVhcQ3fibQ0_1ohpXbqj6-Zu1VB-quvITCYEx4/s320/robert-wadlow.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198047753283256290" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.gigantism.com/robert-wadlow.jpg<br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">As much as 18% of bone is recycles each year by osteoclasts. Bone recycling allows the body to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood. 2 hormones in particular are involved in regulating the blood calcium level: parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. Bone remodeling also accounts why bones can respond to stress. If you engage in an activity that calls upon the use of a particular bone, it will enlarge in diameter at the region most affected by the activity.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvosGaaCln5YIJeCsex4xnFc-vews2KlYHsKeA6ZuSL6LxMLvDisYaOGdcEJWZBg0_TFd6qOEwCfqOoS5nJIy2n8y1hDadhsItIe1Y33BM2UauyakJMA4CCPHsLMZM6dp1ymGrX7ERGU/s1600-h/ncprheum0298-f1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvosGaaCln5YIJeCsex4xnFc-vews2KlYHsKeA6ZuSL6LxMLvDisYaOGdcEJWZBg0_TFd6qOEwCfqOoS5nJIy2n8y1hDadhsItIe1Y33BM2UauyakJMA4CCPHsLMZM6dp1ymGrX7ERGU/s320/ncprheum0298-f1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198049179212398578" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.nature.com/ncprheum/journal/v2/n10/images/ncprheum0298-f1.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Repair of a bone is required after it breaks or fractures. Fracture repair takes place over a span of several months in a series of 4 steps:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li>Hematoma</li><li>Fibrocartilaginous callus</li><li>Bony callus</li><li>Remodeling</li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The naming of a fracture tells you what kind of break occurred:</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjToBVYwhMuX7wvVoK0zueTxStwquOuL0PPLfzsA-vAUXn2iHpxARgiWmzXi0XENa6kb0xahdf3q9hooo-Z3K07bcdz69fvgC5rgILqPwia7xwaJJyNN1zEyrr7yDIcOWITyP30o7dv6n8/s1600-h/typical_fractures.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjToBVYwhMuX7wvVoK0zueTxStwquOuL0PPLfzsA-vAUXn2iHpxARgiWmzXi0XENa6kb0xahdf3q9hooo-Z3K07bcdz69fvgC5rgILqPwia7xwaJJyNN1zEyrr7yDIcOWITyP30o7dv6n8/s320/typical_fractures.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5198051532854476802" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/typical_fractures.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Bones of the Axial Skeleton</span><br /><br />The 206 bones of the skeleton are classified according to whether they occur in the axial skeleton or the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the body and consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the rib cage.<br /><br />The skull is formed by the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium protects the brain and in adults is composed of 8 bones fitted tightly together. In newborns, certain cranial bones are not completely formed and are joined by membranous regions called fontanels.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYkxfQE265-Dh1-kNYXriU_S55kzurejTAlHpVaGPhC-2H3itVMXDTu_vWpHVQCwfu59CmJjTSTLNhr_MxiGcVp-yEYVFDvgPFSX1ch6Tek5EXQGG_yu12vWuc_m_ZtKCT8r0RQ9bXr98/s1600-h/skull.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYkxfQE265-Dh1-kNYXriU_S55kzurejTAlHpVaGPhC-2H3itVMXDTu_vWpHVQCwfu59CmJjTSTLNhr_MxiGcVp-yEYVFDvgPFSX1ch6Tek5EXQGG_yu12vWuc_m_ZtKCT8r0RQ9bXr98/s320/skull.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199348356220434994" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030615/2547_f1.gif<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;">The most prominent facial bones are the mandible, the maxillae, the zygomatic bones, and the nasal bones. The mandible (lower jaw) is the only movable portion of the skull and its action permits chewing. The lips and cheeks have a core of skeletal muscle. The zygomatic bones are the cheekbones prominences and the nasal bones. Other bones are part of the nasal septum which divides the interior of the nose into 2 cavities.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt1sCeTmyaK-xJNg82TqdEvuLAWhTHqKMAd1G_WhD05VvBYV4Jc7__JlTLGzFyNd5uHiZfnMZzIo4zF8pJ2xerHKdF1gEBrgZ3Mu3rvNAn1bLSbA1exUK2zEHCP-fRWh-s-t6vP6f77FQ/s1600-h/illu_facial_bones.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt1sCeTmyaK-xJNg82TqdEvuLAWhTHqKMAd1G_WhD05VvBYV4Jc7__JlTLGzFyNd5uHiZfnMZzIo4zF8pJ2xerHKdF1gEBrgZ3Mu3rvNAn1bLSbA1exUK2zEHCP-fRWh-s-t6vP6f77FQ/s320/illu_facial_bones.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199350276070816322" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/popup_illustrations/images/illu_facial_bones.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The hyoid bone is not part of the skull, however it part of the axial skeleton. It is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone. It is attached to the temporal bones by by muscles and ligaments and to the larynx by a membrane. The hyoid bone anchors the tongue.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi682JLLSsCBZe2vU1TIcwm0kSW7SLG1oJfciMn4zhPHaB1U6zIVYkUF0w250-A6WUKYmwXXSowDpc-a2NCmhqlSdWJUy2xsKK3LgKZV0yE-QEk5v8nJH0vfwB-WH5Qzd_IFdfYKyZo69c/s1600-h/larynx.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi682JLLSsCBZe2vU1TIcwm0kSW7SLG1oJfciMn4zhPHaB1U6zIVYkUF0w250-A6WUKYmwXXSowDpc-a2NCmhqlSdWJUy2xsKK3LgKZV0yE-QEk5v8nJH0vfwB-WH5Qzd_IFdfYKyZo69c/s320/larynx.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199351341222705746" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/journey/images/larynx.gif</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae. Normally, the vertebral column has 4 curvatures that provide more resilience and strength for an upright position. The spinal cord passes through the vertebral canal and gives off spinal nerves at the intervertebral foramina.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUQXnv4qP1oJuF55UoJfOOQ58e7Dzzaohyphenhyphen8EZG1V_iu_oLLxZgkJMY95kL7Rnbeg30KkkQA3uOJXHnvJ1NT2_Wk5zzU_yUi9cbtj5GSVORUw5UC-nQ8D5fpa2fblyZikc-0wVogFuxY0/s1600-h/spine2-BB.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUQXnv4qP1oJuF55UoJfOOQ58e7Dzzaohyphenhyphen8EZG1V_iu_oLLxZgkJMY95kL7Rnbeg30KkkQA3uOJXHnvJ1NT2_Wk5zzU_yUi9cbtj5GSVORUw5UC-nQ8D5fpa2fblyZikc-0wVogFuxY0/s320/spine2-BB.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199352754266946146" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.univie.ac.at/cga/courses/be524/spinal/spine2-BB.jpg</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />The rib cage is also called the thoracic cage and is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their associated cartilages, and the sternum. A rib is a flattened bone that originates at the thoracic vertebrae and proceeds toward the anterior thoracic wall. There are 12 pairs of ribs. The sternum lies in the midline of the body and helps protect the heart and lungs. The sternum is composed of 3 bones: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3T81hqq52xBQzQiMVH2aMg6833Pf1a8PlHrYqAq95dXkyfoCOwXvM-w4talp-hUPdrEwMJQmrYw9xvMMx1kds7tCud8_niO6j0uG-InXAbj-b411Waoy5agSFk364kUQamqzwVY-pmaA/s1600-h/rib-cage.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3T81hqq52xBQzQiMVH2aMg6833Pf1a8PlHrYqAq95dXkyfoCOwXvM-w4talp-hUPdrEwMJQmrYw9xvMMx1kds7tCud8_niO6j0uG-InXAbj-b411Waoy5agSFk364kUQamqzwVY-pmaA/s320/rib-cage.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199354983354972786" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.daviddarling.info/images/rib-cage.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton</span><br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAUfuC_4OmzW0RTvUM1x5eaAyMQP7ge3er9pO8g5MHK2kiLp-ZbGNmPaawXAS2csLlFHQ5M2attEP3HH7KkRjoOleCZ3Pt_TXpCPA2Lhc2DyTVlLJPJZs5VHIy9Wn2agZuDHXvQduylVI/s1600-h/f8-1a_appendicular_skel_c.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAUfuC_4OmzW0RTvUM1x5eaAyMQP7ge3er9pO8g5MHK2kiLp-ZbGNmPaawXAS2csLlFHQ5M2attEP3HH7KkRjoOleCZ3Pt_TXpCPA2Lhc2DyTVlLJPJZs5VHIy9Wn2agZuDHXvQduylVI/s320/f8-1a_appendicular_skel_c.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199356087161567874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f8-1a_appendicular_skel_c.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Articulations</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Bones are joined at the joints, which are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Some joint are fibrous and immovable. Cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">A synovial joint is a joint having a cavity filled with synovial fluid. Synovial joints allow for the movements of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction, inversion and eversion.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLxklZAdv-7nzuef4FBZUT8AO3aHXwAJxhW0mWdBYSJHiTLZaip-TU6SbRi7GexN9QIaunMxrvdJVhbWexv9KrkQDfrL0XUNrIP-iP8mFD_XZyu2Jy8rgc_u8lW4na8blmkaCdyKfDgO4/s1600-h/SynovialJoint.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLxklZAdv-7nzuef4FBZUT8AO3aHXwAJxhW0mWdBYSJHiTLZaip-TU6SbRi7GexN9QIaunMxrvdJVhbWexv9KrkQDfrL0XUNrIP-iP8mFD_XZyu2Jy8rgc_u8lW4na8blmkaCdyKfDgO4/s320/SynovialJoint.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199356817306008210" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/Images/SynovialJoint.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Muscular System</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Table of Contents:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Overview of Muscular System</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Whole Muscle Contraction</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Muscular Disorders</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Homeostasis</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Overview of Muscular System</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Humans have 3 types of muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. The cells of these tissues are called muscle fibers. Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped cells, each with a single nucleus. The cells are arranged in parallel lines forming sheets. Striations are seen in cardiac and skeletal, but not in smooth. Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow internal organs and it causes the walls to contract. It does not fatigue easily.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlFKIGryXLYc9FqAfKEAi0-KbBI_ZAlrXQcix686wT35w58jlJVljfCKT5Z3DRMwInde7cbXTxg0ZjR8ZmsG9JC5ag64C5IgIyIzBHX3h2Z20_WM7UlcbMRG01-ogsC0JjBW2unTIjsFY/s1600-h/smooth.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlFKIGryXLYc9FqAfKEAi0-KbBI_ZAlrXQcix686wT35w58jlJVljfCKT5Z3DRMwInde7cbXTxg0ZjR8ZmsG9JC5ag64C5IgIyIzBHX3h2Z20_WM7UlcbMRG01-ogsC0JjBW2unTIjsFY/s320/smooth.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199361107978336930" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.arunnersplace.co.uk/images/smooth.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Cardiac muscle forms the heart wall. Its fibers are generally uninucleated, striated, tubular, and branched, which allows the fibers to interlock at intercalated disks.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxg1WL_LkMyWi5G4q8Tpj3qhfb2tjkXdDySiEpdwGuX3QhZ2d7EIZBDL9JxNVwczktLnAcnYFHDEIbzdqfs9kMS1DbTCxskip0btJTJaUkRAh3-AEjimYksin8Km-P_AV_siPDyRLgSwA/s1600-h/cardiac_muscle.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxg1WL_LkMyWi5G4q8Tpj3qhfb2tjkXdDySiEpdwGuX3QhZ2d7EIZBDL9JxNVwczktLnAcnYFHDEIbzdqfs9kMS1DbTCxskip0btJTJaUkRAh3-AEjimYksin8Km-P_AV_siPDyRLgSwA/s320/cardiac_muscle.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199364720045832882" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://webanatomy.net/histology/cardiac/cardiac_muscle.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />Skeletal muscle fibers are tubular, multinucleated, and striated. Skeletal muscles have numerous functions:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li>Skeletal muscles support the body</li><li>Skeletal muscles make bones move</li><li>Skeletal muscles help maintain a constant body temperature</li><li>Skeletal muscles contraction assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels</li><li>Skeletal muscles help protect internal organs and stabilize joints</li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Skeletal muscles are well organized. A whole muscle contains bundles of skeletal muscle fibers called fascicles. Fascia is a type of connective tissue that extends beyond the muscle and becomes its tendon. Tendons quite often extend past a joint before anchoring a muscle to bone.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Skeletal muscles usually function in groups and the nervous system stimulates the appropriate group of muscles.</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg63pPfD4hP5QJ_9VGebRZ4P4PMKhuKHLnEY0MqID-qfdoEjyrBr5QdHdx9-TLIqkSHNWcseo9iiiWdCARzYRUss-_cCjfacklUepnhqosklXUmyCW4t1shW_T2rkmtjwtU4EBwTY-u6GY/s1600-h/2front+muscle.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg63pPfD4hP5QJ_9VGebRZ4P4PMKhuKHLnEY0MqID-qfdoEjyrBr5QdHdx9-TLIqkSHNWcseo9iiiWdCARzYRUss-_cCjfacklUepnhqosklXUmyCW4t1shW_T2rkmtjwtU4EBwTY-u6GY/s320/2front+muscle.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199367490299738818" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://people.uleth.ca/~little/PE2110/funcanatomy/2front%20muscle.jpg</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66RmsmQ1XbAQmwCmtK6wpFg9zK2XP7-FpBm3vrcbekBSzkcIIlebHGVMrr1TaitEIrIIN6TkapelC1CBrWhmP35dAVGNVCZwHs4wLvjYBCuCIjbgzumg7-ydNl1CO2wx3z72lPPOns2o/s1600-h/2back+muscle.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66RmsmQ1XbAQmwCmtK6wpFg9zK2XP7-FpBm3vrcbekBSzkcIIlebHGVMrr1TaitEIrIIN6TkapelC1CBrWhmP35dAVGNVCZwHs4wLvjYBCuCIjbgzumg7-ydNl1CO2wx3z72lPPOns2o/s320/2back+muscle.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199367842487057122" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://people.uleth.ca/~little/PE2110/funcanatomy/2back%20muscle.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:georgia;" >A muscle fiber is a cell containing the usual cellular composition, but special names have been assigned to some of these components. The plasma membrane is called the sarcolemma;the cytoplasm is the sarcoplasm;and the endoplasmic reticulum is the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</span><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJbLL7-CHl_Xb5NyyFXr1KQ8MYwMMTSsCokmxFJukdfFmDctzwmnmjujx46xfRv0UkZOUOd3HzRHMNAT3Dlqa8c4I6k0ivQIyrNF6toSVvrYRCxcr0IUK50Ped6elwY3FgVavEBv6BH0/s1600-h/muscle_anatomy.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdJbLL7-CHl_Xb5NyyFXr1KQ8MYwMMTSsCokmxFJukdfFmDctzwmnmjujx46xfRv0UkZOUOd3HzRHMNAT3Dlqa8c4I6k0ivQIyrNF6toSVvrYRCxcr0IUK50Ped6elwY3FgVavEBv6BH0/s320/muscle_anatomy.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199370767359785714" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/images/muscle_anatomy.jpg<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:georgia;">A muscle fiber divides into even smaller parts. Within each fiber are strands of myofibrils. These long cylindrical structures appear striped due to strands of tiny myofilaments. Myofilaments have two types of protein: actin (thin myofilaments) and myosin (thick myofilaments).</span></span><br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjflDM60Z-pp595Pn3jQgwTBTeT3w5Nq0q2oYF7zAnkk3xOFruyuB8TNbrM4Zo5n3_LpMZ4xVkrERcby37y_Rh2XlSktAQ-vXdYNMHAM1u-lCL29aqqgWSNw2uezN0tlA6cofYCI1vLuQ/s1600-h/anm5s5_1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjflDM60Z-pp595Pn3jQgwTBTeT3w5Nq0q2oYF7zAnkk3xOFruyuB8TNbrM4Zo5n3_LpMZ4xVkrERcby37y_Rh2XlSktAQ-vXdYNMHAM1u-lCL29aqqgWSNw2uezN0tlA6cofYCI1vLuQ/s320/anm5s5_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199372661440363266" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/an/m5/s5/assets/images/anm5s5_1.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />Muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by motor neurons whose axons are in nerves. The axon of one motor neuron can stimulate from a few to several muscle fibers of a muscle because each axon has several branches. The entire region is called a neuromuscular junction.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74Rc9uBT0qrnhto-unbzkAXR3P94ITrf1NTa77m3UgPrIcRSysqbjckQynEpyfloTyg_2LBmunk_HOwx-03-N7L-AwczHVxi-rG9WkdRvEFWIG_DiqMLZfEkgf_RMIlUTNetF3lYhaAs/s1600-h/figure7m.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74Rc9uBT0qrnhto-unbzkAXR3P94ITrf1NTa77m3UgPrIcRSysqbjckQynEpyfloTyg_2LBmunk_HOwx-03-N7L-AwczHVxi-rG9WkdRvEFWIG_DiqMLZfEkgf_RMIlUTNetF3lYhaAs/s320/figure7m.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199375015082441490" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/figure7m.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles that are filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). When nerve impulses traveling down a motor neuron, arrive at an axon terminal, the synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synaptic cleft. ACh quickly diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma. 2 other protens are associated with an actin filament: tropomyosin and troponin.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC79jUuWgMJC5UEqFc7XoJyhjB3fxyJCO3-0f0U-3CeYDKmrulT3VPYBQ9xHTCvOkcH2IE6ouvXv4IUet5yMTcr36Uvl2_aAB3iXWQugBQKNYhYGl-DboS26RYSzGD6SWKGpxraSDl79c/s1600-h/Image331.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC79jUuWgMJC5UEqFc7XoJyhjB3fxyJCO3-0f0U-3CeYDKmrulT3VPYBQ9xHTCvOkcH2IE6ouvXv4IUet5yMTcr36Uvl2_aAB3iXWQugBQKNYhYGl-DboS26RYSzGD6SWKGpxraSDl79c/s400/Image331.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199378588495231778" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/images/Image331.gif<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Whole Muscle Contraction</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">A motor unit is comprised of the nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor unit is stimulated by infrequent electrical impulses, a single contraction occurs that lasts only a fraction of a second. The response is a muscle twitch which is divided into 3 stages: latent, contraction, and relaxation. Muscles use various fuel sources for energy and they have various ways of producing ATP during muscle contraction.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrTe1szxwOcx-J2UAHeeFzmG4fgjhNoHlJiA3Uzj3P0syhkvvDH700v81V-qetjmfkK5OdAeCsz0wwx6LFyFNYsHqnamZ3XOGeIzXdU2mvONKNviLBeFr7Kflxzi0aNoGO1yLbwA6b1w/s1600-h/Creatine.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrTe1szxwOcx-J2UAHeeFzmG4fgjhNoHlJiA3Uzj3P0syhkvvDH700v81V-qetjmfkK5OdAeCsz0wwx6LFyFNYsHqnamZ3XOGeIzXdU2mvONKNviLBeFr7Kflxzi0aNoGO1yLbwA6b1w/s320/Creatine.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199380705914108722" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Creatine.gif</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br />Muscle cells store limited amounts of ATP, but they have 3 ways to acquire more ATP: formation of ATP by the creatine phosphate (CP) pathway, fermentation, and cellular respiration. Some muscle fibers metabolize both aerobically and anaerobically. Fast twitch fibers tend to rely on the CP pathway and fermentation which are anaerobic, slow twitch fibers prefer cellular respiration, which is aerobic.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);">Muscular Disorders</span><br /><br />Muscular disorders are divided into those that are commonly seen and those that are more serious. Spasms are sudden involuntary muscular contractions most often accompanied by pain. Multiple spasms of the skeletal muscles are called convulsions. A strain is caused by the stretching or tearing of a muscle.<br /><br />Tendinitis is an inflammation of a tendon. Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa, a slippery surface where muscle and tendons glide over. NSAIDs are the most common OTC medications for treating arthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis.<br /><br />Myalgia and Fibromyalgia refer to achy muscles. Myalgia without a traumatic history is usually from a viral infection.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizszQrpVRaMfuMwmohNNNecnFZghMO6r4-vZF9ZS2DFm_HyOjZjRjWf_xEqSvSPbr8CShXHZdbbXB0benD6NUcfcmwRCEz_Q1IKWtkIKU0cWaKqcQvryLU9kx0NfSFScjp9kObCpkSGVQ/s1600-h/fibrographics.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizszQrpVRaMfuMwmohNNNecnFZghMO6r4-vZF9ZS2DFm_HyOjZjRjWf_xEqSvSPbr8CShXHZdbbXB0benD6NUcfcmwRCEz_Q1IKWtkIKU0cWaKqcQvryLU9kx0NfSFScjp9kObCpkSGVQ/s320/fibrographics.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199385713845975874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://simplefibrocure.com/fibrographics.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span>Muscular dystrophy is a broad term applied to a group of disorders that are characterized by a progressive degeneration and weakening of the muscles. As muscle fibers die, fat and connective tissue take their place.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRMIU1lIilf2f8-DW6ERBMfos7ZMuTHSqM0E_eUserEEB-yrNnI4qFV54wgD9cwP0zLxYlZApPrIdqxisAKFWaOO3JmjMyLvgJm6OE1wOB6GfBQzSixWG_E_heSE_UjZ-zhxIQN0tsQUc/s1600-h/dwe00212g01.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRMIU1lIilf2f8-DW6ERBMfos7ZMuTHSqM0E_eUserEEB-yrNnI4qFV54wgD9cwP0zLxYlZApPrIdqxisAKFWaOO3JmjMyLvgJm6OE1wOB6GfBQzSixWG_E_heSE_UjZ-zhxIQN0tsQUc/s320/dwe00212g01.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199386439695448914" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/global/david/dwe002/dwe002g/dwe00212g01.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness that affects the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities. The immune system produces antibodies that destroy ACh which leads to the impairment of muscle contraction.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKS_Vl7tvcGTYSX6NamQAAIT4oPBCStXZ4hinDumMXy9yOydlw3h2q60-kRbIzdEnVyjEQcYgeglYiOtoXCbRQrhqncopeCZn36EHU7b4re15imiqSqyG7kShpcRTcgGCTeMkq1hSXnCo/s1600-h/eyes2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKS_Vl7tvcGTYSX6NamQAAIT4oPBCStXZ4hinDumMXy9yOydlw3h2q60-kRbIzdEnVyjEQcYgeglYiOtoXCbRQrhqncopeCZn36EHU7b4re15imiqSqyG7kShpcRTcgGCTeMkq1hSXnCo/s320/eyes2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199387418947992418" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.myasthenia.org.au/assets/images/eyes2.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is better known as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS sufferers experience gradual loss of the ability to walk, talk, chew, and swallow. Mental ability is not affected. There is no cure.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLaYl9Sr_Ws6Vxs39tbAjhH4wxmqnBK6lruWGfRkNrYZyHOlHcIPvfUFuWM5kawZkdfdIvios_SDiHY9i7OGq_tvfgn1y-tcPnTlIxlmvus6MRU3sZhrl1MWqMpvldlIZtS3HgTsMqGaM/s1600-h/als_080307_big.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLaYl9Sr_Ws6Vxs39tbAjhH4wxmqnBK6lruWGfRkNrYZyHOlHcIPvfUFuWM5kawZkdfdIvios_SDiHY9i7OGq_tvfgn1y-tcPnTlIxlmvus6MRU3sZhrl1MWqMpvldlIZtS3HgTsMqGaM/s320/als_080307_big.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5199388161977334642" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/news/img/aug07/als_080307_big.gif<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Homeostasis</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The muscular and skeletal systems work together to achieve homeostasis. Both systems protect body parts and the soft internal organs. They work together to produce movement. The skeletal system (in conjunction with the endocrine system) performs tasks that are vital for calcium homeostasis and cellular metabolism. The bones contain red bone marrow, which is the site of blood production. White blood cells originate in the red bone marrow and they defend the body against pathogens. Muscles also help maintain body temperature.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 204, 255);font-size:85%;" >References:<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;"><br />Mader, S. (2008). Skeletal System and Muscular System. <span style="font-style: italic;">Human Biology, 10th Ed. </span>(p 207-246)<br /><br />Muscular System (2008.) www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/muscular/muscular.htm<br /><br />Skeletal System (2008). www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html<br /><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-15505124208941400512008-05-06T13:25:00.000-07:002008-05-07T10:24:27.866-07:00Compendium Review: Nervous System and Senses<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Nervous System</span><br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:130%;">Table of Contents:</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Overview of the Nervous System</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />The Central Nervous System</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />The Peripheral Nervous System</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Drug Abuse<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Overview of the Nervous System:<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The nervous system has 2 major divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) which consists of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which consists of the nerves.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERjACdtuUmqfNazvq0qBSt_qh2UxP-9x9MRhSjpY1WmpmfXLiaR-SJuuWSwP-KqJv_yqegfPqZG6N3WABevMeGeI3uIy3R6Wv7-FS-WSv4PY5n9Mu11rQwHVhg0HhQxyWQ1eBb2v-EIQ/s1600-h/central+nervous+system.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERjACdtuUmqfNazvq0qBSt_qh2UxP-9x9MRhSjpY1WmpmfXLiaR-SJuuWSwP-KqJv_yqegfPqZG6N3WABevMeGeI3uIy3R6Wv7-FS-WSv4PY5n9Mu11rQwHVhg0HhQxyWQ1eBb2v-EIQ/s320/central+nervous+system.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197366764647342594" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.invanet.org/pics/central%20nervous%20system.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The nervous system has 3 specific functions:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Receives sensory input</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">CNS performs integration</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">CNS generates motor output</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Nervous tissue contains 2 types of cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system; neuroglia support and nourish neurons.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhroS5M-unYaOTsChpywRPdJ9Y_NTWwjIK7SkKg6P0B4RJRfcw6vdCiOqOTUlgodq8u1JAUyEgtFTQ5sa-xmNy9PLRSg9okKXmPHuzXo9Q6l95WzFoXFeix-ve7_e_LvCdoJS-zLyJUxjk/s1600-h/neurons.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhroS5M-unYaOTsChpywRPdJ9Y_NTWwjIK7SkKg6P0B4RJRfcw6vdCiOqOTUlgodq8u1JAUyEgtFTQ5sa-xmNy9PLRSg9okKXmPHuzXo9Q6l95WzFoXFeix-ve7_e_LvCdoJS-zLyJUxjk/s320/neurons.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197367877043872274" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.readingeagle.com/blog/tullio/archives/neurons.jpg</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Neurons are classified according to function: sensory neuron (takes nerve impulses from sensory receptor to CNS), interneuron (receive input from sensory neurons and from other interneurons) , and motor neurons (takes nerve impulses away from the CNS to the effector.)<br /><br />Neurons vary in appearance, but all of them have 3 parts: a cell body (contains nucleus), dendrites (short extensions that receive signals from sensory output), and an axon (portion of neuron that conducts nerve impulses.)<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsN_F4TE-GyDtdajCISZDBXwQCSiRwz_V-n9_pUwG67-49IwlqAgd_3WN1cty2Ijpe01IPSEUGP5m0TdrYXKNoKmNnsueKC3Iwsz27r3N9nBKAzao4rQXXLYKakRJcfYVHlSJc8AjG3DE/s1600-h/Synapse.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsN_F4TE-GyDtdajCISZDBXwQCSiRwz_V-n9_pUwG67-49IwlqAgd_3WN1cty2Ijpe01IPSEUGP5m0TdrYXKNoKmNnsueKC3Iwsz27r3N9nBKAzao4rQXXLYKakRJcfYVHlSJc8AjG3DE/s320/Synapse.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197375822733369890" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.neurevolution.net/wp-content/uploads/Synapse.JPG<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />Many axons are covered by a protective myelin sheath. In the PNS this covering is formed by a type of neuroglia called Schwann cells and in the CNS oligodendrocytes perform this function. The gaps where there is no myelin sheath are called teh nodes of Ranvier.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNfQV1BovcAOFbldz2bazpQQgI78fTuojk844ZfWyWO1MnhkwW0uEL7aSAadnHKutsnJxzrumuMh14iyYPTDI7wJfUwFpXhEUn9HWMhT8_SVuCccALNVUlGNBDjfQt_-axSTJ_92NOQhU/s1600-h/schwann_myelin.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNfQV1BovcAOFbldz2bazpQQgI78fTuojk844ZfWyWO1MnhkwW0uEL7aSAadnHKutsnJxzrumuMh14iyYPTDI7wJfUwFpXhEUn9HWMhT8_SVuCccALNVUlGNBDjfQt_-axSTJ_92NOQhU/s320/schwann_myelin.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197376746151338546" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/schwann_myelin.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />Nerve impulses convey information within the nervous system. The nerve impulse is studied by using excised axons and a voltmeter to measure voltage, which allows us to measure the potential difference between 2 sides of an axonal membrane.<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Resting potential: -65mV (inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Action potential: +40 mV (rapid change in polarity across the axonal membrane)</span></li></ul><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjec2L80hSxEvRURJP3DI1c3ufroH1SuzhnWIplZp24Qr1i59iX0ReDHY1K3mn0qQg09_swQiTfwcwL8KWQiumHgSD_PJ5oColV4v2Gp23dyPmEuewb3Fz5ACkuOJRGnWnyrqXokArwkMM/s1600-h/nerveimpulse.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjec2L80hSxEvRURJP3DI1c3ufroH1SuzhnWIplZp24Qr1i59iX0ReDHY1K3mn0qQg09_swQiTfwcwL8KWQiumHgSD_PJ5oColV4v2Gp23dyPmEuewb3Fz5ACkuOJRGnWnyrqXokArwkMM/s320/nerveimpulse.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197378391123812930" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=54737&rendTypeId=4<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Every axon branches into many fine endings, tipped by a small swelling called an axon terminal, which lies very close to either the dendrite or the cell body. Transmission across a synapse is carried out by molecules called neurotransmitters, which are stored in vesicles in the axon terminals.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTcQ0YQtD__WwW5ls4UqSpYhpQ5iWg6BH-5WjOK98KPswK5gxhxeSKp_kd14kOehWJgR4JAHVMIR8qRRANMKbzY1zS9jxrq0Hy-iA2TjOe9efxJW47ibUwltOvDKQcLJuh3qGhtDlQ9JQ/s1600-h/c7.48.1.neurotransmitters.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTcQ0YQtD__WwW5ls4UqSpYhpQ5iWg6BH-5WjOK98KPswK5gxhxeSKp_kd14kOehWJgR4JAHVMIR8qRRANMKbzY1zS9jxrq0Hy-iA2TjOe9efxJW47ibUwltOvDKQcLJuh3qGhtDlQ9JQ/s400/c7.48.1.neurotransmitters.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197379572239819346" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/neuro/c7.48.1.neurotransmitters.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">A single neuron has many dendrites plus the cell body, and all of the can have synapses with many other neurons. Therefore, a neuron is on the receiving end of many signals which can be either excitatory or inhibitory. Neurons integrate these incoming signals. Integration is the summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXC4lkwOpgnDo5q1G6JL4bVbswLG1Xi2psodRL6YIXUj_itnuBaDZCYL1VWi3tA2nm2b_5dzc3zh_8HKx3kc-aehHCSo2owWKRVeW-F_tZMMyq8BqOTgivQA2dInhT6x_iMKtly_yb8aU/s1600-h/integration.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXC4lkwOpgnDo5q1G6JL4bVbswLG1Xi2psodRL6YIXUj_itnuBaDZCYL1VWi3tA2nm2b_5dzc3zh_8HKx3kc-aehHCSo2owWKRVeW-F_tZMMyq8BqOTgivQA2dInhT6x_iMKtly_yb8aU/s400/integration.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197381178557588066" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://mcdb.colorado.edu/courses/3280/images/synapse/integration.gif</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Central Nervous System<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">The spinal cord and the brain make up the CNS. Both are protected by bone and wrapped in a protective membrane known as meninges. The spaces between the meninges are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and protects the CNS. The brain has 4 ventricles that serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid. The CNS is composed of 2 types of nervous tissue: gray matter (contains cell bodies and short non-myelinated fibers) and white matter (contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles called tracts.)<br /><br /></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkb8q9F1LnCgtxTdBBileMHNFPY9lTvxZlXjAWltpTvVwKPe8AcLv2Iy7hCigbXSm5qhxPZGNyTQwP2BGbcpyD5khn6_dMai3dRB6_r5cagvuKOeM8DYcUjpD_QIWbyDWJy_Mh6THOMSc/s1600-h/Image432.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkb8q9F1LnCgtxTdBBileMHNFPY9lTvxZlXjAWltpTvVwKPe8AcLv2Iy7hCigbXSm5qhxPZGNyTQwP2BGbcpyD5khn6_dMai3dRB6_r5cagvuKOeM8DYcUjpD_QIWbyDWJy_Mh6THOMSc/s400/Image432.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197383356106007154" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/images/Image432.gif</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">The spinal cord extends from the base of the brain through a large opening in the skull called the foramen magnum and into the vertebrae canal. The spinal nerves project from the cord between the vertebrae. The central canal contains cerebrospinal fluid. The gray matter is centrally located and shaped like the letter H. The white matter occurs in areas around the gray matter.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVIbgFgsbYn6Kldgei2EI-XR3wtYGU44FEB0a7BOOr_lOXg-KU5ZwaYmMQlCzRNFNgJihZZrs23BumTZJ0ABI38uHHMFO6-1VQWAep2ylMcs3FaxLU09QQJa2mVJyapjYbIsEfiUibgHk/s1600-h/SpinalCord.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVIbgFgsbYn6Kldgei2EI-XR3wtYGU44FEB0a7BOOr_lOXg-KU5ZwaYmMQlCzRNFNgJihZZrs23BumTZJ0ABI38uHHMFO6-1VQWAep2ylMcs3FaxLU09QQJa2mVJyapjYbIsEfiUibgHk/s400/SpinalCord.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197386538676773506" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.laesieworks.com/spinal/pict/SpinalCord.jpg<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The spinal cord functions as a means of communication between the brain and the peripheral nerves that leave the cord. The spinal cord is the center for thousands of of reflex arcs. Depending on an injury to the spinal cord, paralysis may occur.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit0K929Gx93Wi5hPsOWPweyMsvIJURj9_pt5uv1gUA-I5AztoqB8-c5mC0P6XWnZKih2Me9L09LrYPAKdTReL1xHN35kLkDtI39u4vNZMr63w1OZnXLGUQimbTHXCAmtz6EnNzKwkByRI/s1600-h/spinenerves.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit0K929Gx93Wi5hPsOWPweyMsvIJURj9_pt5uv1gUA-I5AztoqB8-c5mC0P6XWnZKih2Me9L09LrYPAKdTReL1xHN35kLkDtI39u4vNZMr63w1OZnXLGUQimbTHXCAmtz6EnNzKwkByRI/s400/spinenerves.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197387547994088082" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.apparelyzed.com/_images/content/spine/spinenerves.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The human brain has been called the last great frontier of biology. The brain is divided into different sections: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZ1gN7x_AcH8zDlkR8-w16-vUyOPgxzWLbAn5AU-rOXihpmKLFL6dexU3PjTealIjBNkIa2OIUX9jGRW_Do_Jg_MAH5nAR_BddFVZQ8TP-Ao1h59ds7da2HN6own5r8OjA-9E6gA_N28/s1600-h/brain_headBorder.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZ1gN7x_AcH8zDlkR8-w16-vUyOPgxzWLbAn5AU-rOXihpmKLFL6dexU3PjTealIjBNkIa2OIUX9jGRW_Do_Jg_MAH5nAR_BddFVZQ8TP-Ao1h59ds7da2HN6own5r8OjA-9E6gA_N28/s400/brain_headBorder.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197388776354734754" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.ahaf.org/alzdis/about/brain_headBorder.jpg</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The cerebrum is the largest portion of the human brain and the last center to receive sensory input and carrt out integration. The cerebrum has 2 hemispheres; the left and right. The longitudinal fissure divides the hemispheres. Shallow grooves divide the hemispheres into lobes with each lobe carrying out particular functions:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Frontal lobe: primary motor area</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Temporal lobe: primary auditory area</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory area</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Occipital lobe: primary visual area</span></li></ul><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5RSnNt6C4gb_jXeQdtXKGl1kLwlhtsGo5AU8c9tU0Vd2WJFv0r8LaG1sUQdbxpj6as-a9KfRnbtREX99SXM6A0plCLGqlSzsWPImdvvHNx4-rQY7Y8A8SL6FNRB1R4-3tI31TYr1LxAs/s1600-h/brain-picture.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5RSnNt6C4gb_jXeQdtXKGl1kLwlhtsGo5AU8c9tU0Vd2WJFv0r8LaG1sUQdbxpj6as-a9KfRnbtREX99SXM6A0plCLGqlSzsWPImdvvHNx4-rQY7Y8A8SL6FNRB1R4-3tI31TYr1LxAs/s400/brain-picture.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197390820759167682" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/brain-picture.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The cerebral cortex is a thin but highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex contains over 1 billion cell bodies and is the region of the brain that accounts for sensation, voluntary movement, and all the though processes we associate with consciousness.<br />Association areas are places where integration occurs.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE8T3nZYP26yCk-KmpP3sySAZARaeZDlVzpha7k5s-1IUIXFtZ03ZqynkrzwvJzaOvAxPfU2y_3XwaQsDJ17vjaugS_N3OGMg1OaFcgGKsv0N_PKWjj4I5fe0xmtsL4l1FnJmxlNnneWU/s1600-h/brain_areas_illus19a.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE8T3nZYP26yCk-KmpP3sySAZARaeZDlVzpha7k5s-1IUIXFtZ03ZqynkrzwvJzaOvAxPfU2y_3XwaQsDJ17vjaugS_N3OGMg1OaFcgGKsv0N_PKWjj4I5fe0xmtsL4l1FnJmxlNnneWU/s400/brain_areas_illus19a.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197392723429679826" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.princetonbrainandspine.com/photos/brain_anat/brain_areas_illus19a.jpg</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The diencephalon contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus. The hypothalamus integrates homeostasis by regulating hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance. The thalamus receives all sensory input except for smell. The thalamus also participates in higher mental functions such as memory and emotion. The pineal gland (which secretes melatonin) is located in the diencephalon.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQeqNzX1HKyDogvkPzZ8cFDvvaCeCJjkk7-2lZgGA88eUeqRijvCWt-u_r7MhPcfYgqE7ljHs-ZU9avokWVCHJl3pffxDt-Plym6tYYF9Qm4-lU9y2rxeFl8okVVY8IpMR9hf0YF4hWQ4/s1600-h/diencephalon.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQeqNzX1HKyDogvkPzZ8cFDvvaCeCJjkk7-2lZgGA88eUeqRijvCWt-u_r7MhPcfYgqE7ljHs-ZU9avokWVCHJl3pffxDt-Plym6tYYF9Qm4-lU9y2rxeFl8okVVY8IpMR9hf0YF4hWQ4/s400/diencephalon.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197397194490634978" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://kybele.psych.cornell.edu/~edelman/Psych-231/diencephalon.gif</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />The cerebellum lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and is separated from the brain stem by the 4th ventricle. The cerebellum receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muscles about the present position of body parts. It also receives motor output from the cerebral cortex about where the parts should be located.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwas4bUk6UaO0LWFY42InELOy8veJzgUIwYb7LR2K01VZCTuHoGqPGzqckwP7NT4ZQDBJQuJqtVs-XAk1QFSXtvNBuRPZ0M20DBDxTFGX05ghRL8Ew6qdvhBEps2qrvG_CKQaUhefPw58/s1600-h/18008.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwas4bUk6UaO0LWFY42InELOy8veJzgUIwYb7LR2K01VZCTuHoGqPGzqckwP7NT4ZQDBJQuJqtVs-XAk1QFSXtvNBuRPZ0M20DBDxTFGX05ghRL8Ew6qdvhBEps2qrvG_CKQaUhefPw58/s400/18008.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197398375606641394" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18008.jpg</span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The brain stem contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum. The pons contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS. The medulla oblongata contains a number of reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction. Reticular formation is a complex network of nuclei and fibers that extend the length of the brain stem. The reticular formation os a major component of the reticular activating system (RAS) which receives sensory signals and sends them up to the higher centers, and motor signals which sends it ti the spinal cord.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqkVBVjLdcNl-Ghb-aQ8iqrVBW9Fius81QjDVQcXflo7bXYwPq4kip2qNzrIHnzEjy8T0n7ilZJJR2ux_6ZmB6wzxLQG3F-Vs_rFiRP6zL53pFvwC6pnCgqimtq2wZK64yQWBjCfojx8/s1600-h/brain_stem.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDqkVBVjLdcNl-Ghb-aQ8iqrVBW9Fius81QjDVQcXflo7bXYwPq4kip2qNzrIHnzEjy8T0n7ilZJJR2ux_6ZmB6wzxLQG3F-Vs_rFiRP6zL53pFvwC6pnCgqimtq2wZK64yQWBjCfojx8/s400/brain_stem.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197399818715652866" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><br />http://library.thinkquest.org/C005704/media/brain_stem.gif</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /><br />The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">The limbic system is an evolutionary ancient group of linked structures deep within the cerebrum that is a functional grouping rather than an anatomical one. The limbic system blends primitive emotion and higher mental function as a united whole. Two significant systems in the limbic system are the amygdala (causes experiences to have emotional overtone) and the hippocampus (crucial to learning and memory.)<br /><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJL4axgksuK0P64PAC-ePuhhlLpGc3pHUuLKplneAae1v4M7_l5TYqskS14PiwLAzhmFCWDRFvtxAqF9sl052Ttls_tsbK3QfqYZi8nFgHlTAedNMcWmGyZ2J3z3DULfILEB1-oUSIkCU/s1600-h/I10-41-limbic.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJL4axgksuK0P64PAC-ePuhhlLpGc3pHUuLKplneAae1v4M7_l5TYqskS14PiwLAzhmFCWDRFvtxAqF9sl052Ttls_tsbK3QfqYZi8nFgHlTAedNMcWmGyZ2J3z3DULfILEB1-oUSIkCU/s400/I10-41-limbic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197401270414598930" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">http://universe-review.ca/I10-41-limbic.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153);"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Peripheral Nervous System<br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The peripheral nervous system (PNS) lies outside the CNS and contains the nerves. Nerves are designated as cranial when they arise from the brain and spinal nerves when they arise from the spinal cord. Nerves take impulses to and from the CNS. Nerves are composed of axons.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYXUGBxI8JS_5l41uF2f3Qf3eLc0JCunUByUGzHSNReJ5X-d3ldzdHF-cjtU3WsCEU3gWU1IwP_-ngPJhNeBrSO6JI9UsDWdD-q3MZ4jqdrW3ZJWGy6idx-35wEW18lQKTX-6jgG_C4Is/s1600-h/nerves.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYXUGBxI8JS_5l41uF2f3Qf3eLc0JCunUByUGzHSNReJ5X-d3ldzdHF-cjtU3WsCEU3gWU1IwP_-ngPJhNeBrSO6JI9UsDWdD-q3MZ4jqdrW3ZJWGy6idx-35wEW18lQKTX-6jgG_C4Is/s400/nerves.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197403117250536226" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >http://zenith-designs.com/files/nerves.jpg<br /><br />Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves attached to the brain. They are designated with roman numerals. Some are sensory, some are motor, and some are mixed.<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVeGiAp0wbWWbR65f_E6x84BsMJjLcFdZjEaam0kZGjZS-ya7242r2_lcPyRfH93XUzpb6lamzsrxlVyXTiMVW2WzBGtwcknM9cDertTXSHbqojK3qbRw_lYn1hDwwXJFPzmECgi4Nqus/s1600-h/title_artcranial.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVeGiAp0wbWWbR65f_E6x84BsMJjLcFdZjEaam0kZGjZS-ya7242r2_lcPyRfH93XUzpb6lamzsrxlVyXTiMVW2WzBGtwcknM9cDertTXSHbqojK3qbRw_lYn1hDwwXJFPzmECgi4Nqus/s320/title_artcranial.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197403817330205490" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://can-do.com/uci/ssi2001/title_artcranial.jpg</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Spinal nerves emerge in pairs from either side of the spinal cord. The roots of the spinal nerve physically separate the axons of the sensory neurons from the motor neurons. The cell body of a sensory neuron is called a dorsal-root ganglion. A ganglion is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPZaEIdxMoMpK_4K7rG_mK7W2hmSzhe5wr5X7qgGSTh4L9C-cDkaGEJfC9tu_ANICGfyLh2G-dz9i9DdsSR1LMqOdiyUHz0KoGM9MmGcyR96c0DhDn0DUHCN-wpdIdMNPspP6twxJOUX8/s1600-h/039+Nervous+system+spinal+nerves.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPZaEIdxMoMpK_4K7rG_mK7W2hmSzhe5wr5X7qgGSTh4L9C-cDkaGEJfC9tu_ANICGfyLh2G-dz9i9DdsSR1LMqOdiyUHz0KoGM9MmGcyR96c0DhDn0DUHCN-wpdIdMNPspP6twxJOUX8/s320/039+Nervous+system+spinal+nerves.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197404590424318786" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.infovisual.info/03/img_en/039%20Nervous%20system%20spinal%20nerves.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The PNS has different divisions The somatic system serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and the tendons and includes nerves that take sensory information from the external sensory receptors to the CNS and motor commands away from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. Automatic responses to a stimulus in the somatic system are called reflexes.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi00dvxWC6QTbItqNqna-w5h_OEfkeCDL8Wu4COO-xhYsudGNxKUzzbooN4qMB7jaSf0xE8GsCL897a0i3B8dEiw-q2MIf3MWrFKTp82uUKEfHsMJiLB6y3-HR4Y9gbR73CIBUn9Mk8aIU/s1600-h/reflex_arc.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi00dvxWC6QTbItqNqna-w5h_OEfkeCDL8Wu4COO-xhYsudGNxKUzzbooN4qMB7jaSf0xE8GsCL897a0i3B8dEiw-q2MIf3MWrFKTp82uUKEfHsMJiLB6y3-HR4Y9gbR73CIBUn9Mk8aIU/s320/reflex_arc.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197409916183765842" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.daviddarling.info/images/reflex_arc.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The autonomic nervous system is also in the PNS. The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. The system is divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems.<br /><br />The sympathetic nervous division is important during emergency situations. The "fight or flight" mechanism occurs from this division. It accelerates heartbeat and dilates the bronchi by releasing norepinephrine. The parasympathetic division promotes internal responses associated with relaxation: pupil contraction, food digestion, and slowed heartbeat by releasing acetlycholine.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkECmvRse_86srCPE97sWXTNqGaGrqvrN7yN4QZFcZeGhO6820DhXXPSfOaiqqn-IA__s8Qw8nyeyvhcbRQID7McXCdp_U97cFIvhisIWdol-L9bJC1OOyfnSNgKe8XMLFCMHGpPBptrM/s1600-h/autonomic.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkECmvRse_86srCPE97sWXTNqGaGrqvrN7yN4QZFcZeGhO6820DhXXPSfOaiqqn-IA__s8Qw8nyeyvhcbRQID7McXCdp_U97cFIvhisIWdol-L9bJC1OOyfnSNgKe8XMLFCMHGpPBptrM/s320/autonomic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197411556861272930" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">h</span>ttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/autonomic.gif</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Drug Abuse<br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Drugs alter mood and affect emotional state. Drugs either affect the limbic system or promote or decrease the action of a particular neurotransmitter. Drug abuse occurs when a person takes a drug at an improper dose level or takes an illegal drug and becomes physiologically and/or psychologically dependent on the drug.<br /><br />Alcohol is a CNS depressant and the most commonly abused drug in the world. Alcohol increases GABA and the release of beta-endorphins. Alcohol crosses the blood-brain barrier causing damage to several tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase is the liver enzyme that metabolizes alcohol.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qbl97sE5B0C1Ua5lCnPz0ZmlT3Ob0md7MZmjFUikHqdKmLm_ZMhpaIssOTxNZ_nmycgUy3x7I-0fPA7t6hcN39i0-oBfwhg5RDqUkH3dXxFBUVh1OokAPvGXs9kMt66HhvDUIkn9MYk/s1600-h/alcohol-Effects.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_qbl97sE5B0C1Ua5lCnPz0ZmlT3Ob0md7MZmjFUikHqdKmLm_ZMhpaIssOTxNZ_nmycgUy3x7I-0fPA7t6hcN39i0-oBfwhg5RDqUkH3dXxFBUVh1OokAPvGXs9kMt66HhvDUIkn9MYk/s400/alcohol-Effects.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197413674280149874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.thelivercentre.com.au/development/images/alcohol-Effects.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Nicotine is a CNS stimulant that binds to nicotine receptors in the midbrain. Nicotine works by releasing dopamine and is highly addictive. The newest drug Chantix (</span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >varenicline) works by interrupting and blocking the uptake of nicotine from the nicotine receptors in the brain.<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiHXUD6QgIcNUaDAKVfEQlPj43PV7UhQLMql7EV5eB7tRQGjIb0kLAjP5V1ziys-G6F5Tzwm8TMFJE-YuW2QRjicQHpFyjw3EB_lKqPR5xgkrI8AGa7o1I9PXotrk-oC-9bTBDSPtrvz0/s1600-h/nicotine.illus.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiHXUD6QgIcNUaDAKVfEQlPj43PV7UhQLMql7EV5eB7tRQGjIb0kLAjP5V1ziys-G6F5Tzwm8TMFJE-YuW2QRjicQHpFyjw3EB_lKqPR5xgkrI8AGa7o1I9PXotrk-oC-9bTBDSPtrvz0/s400/nicotine.illus.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197415486756348802" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/images/brainbriefings/nicotine.illus.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br />Cocaine and methamphetamine are both powerful CNS stimulant drugs. Cocaine and meth are primarily dopamine reuptake inhibitors, but have varying degrees of effect and longevity on the human body. Cocaine and methamphetamine have medicinal uses (cocaine as an anesthetic and vasoconstrictor for eye, nose, ear, and throat surgery and meth for ADHD, obesity, Parkinson's disease, and narcolepsy) but are abused world-wide as an illegal substance. They are both highly addictive.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDNawHzBObOe8QMj84bNWwcQViFyzLEnI3yUuyG75JS6zTOPTSPbHVSRd2S7gnzwreQPymGl14jCgSYyhXHrDZCNjmynIJf1fovBYC9ey7B20iP_N0jXb2eRxklZmxlTEa_7atf_ynGr0/s1600-h/methuse.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDNawHzBObOe8QMj84bNWwcQViFyzLEnI3yUuyG75JS6zTOPTSPbHVSRd2S7gnzwreQPymGl14jCgSYyhXHrDZCNjmynIJf1fovBYC9ey7B20iP_N0jXb2eRxklZmxlTEa_7atf_ynGr0/s400/methuse.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197418166815941522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/pseudo/images/methuse.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><br />MDMA (3,4,methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy closely mimics methamphetamine, but is actually classified as a hallucinogenic drug because it does cause hallucinations (contrary to the text book.) Methamphetamine primarily causes users to see things from a lack of sleep, or from a psychotic episode from overuse, but does not cause synesthesia (transposing of the senses) as true hallucinogenic substances do. One of the primary symptoms of MDMA is synesthesia.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5R6WFZhNVISDG5MQAU2Z4XdnKPCN7DB2l4X0O42xutuwJkxIwAleE8mij2zdKNIuAzc0A6hwrIZoDYiC7QijOqtcGOUoHP4S621XXTwg4yglhWhv3F9eX_QItUNnFjeQxlrew7FRBFyI/s1600-h/mdma.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5R6WFZhNVISDG5MQAU2Z4XdnKPCN7DB2l4X0O42xutuwJkxIwAleE8mij2zdKNIuAzc0A6hwrIZoDYiC7QijOqtcGOUoHP4S621XXTwg4yglhWhv3F9eX_QItUNnFjeQxlrew7FRBFyI/s400/mdma.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197419764543775650" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://fusionanomaly.net/mdma.jpg<br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br />Heroin is derived from the opium poppy plant. It has no medicinal value, but is quickly converted to morphine after delivery to the human body. Morphine itself is a narcotic analgesic (pain killer). Narcotics differ from CNS depressants in that narcotic analgesics lower body temperature, cause pupil constriction, limit the pupillary reaction due to the constriction, and ptosis.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zYmNTcmRqb5GEPSniE3nNdvJkIaRsek0mGVl2Zf5ul0QixYSlPjo8tz9P8Wgi5XeyUB5krO1AQHWYH3x3TMK5WFDsD0VYlWQhCBmUXulJx9kN8v5nT4UNNxdfzFs0a-6sUQJut3erAc/s1600-h/SmallPupil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zYmNTcmRqb5GEPSniE3nNdvJkIaRsek0mGVl2Zf5ul0QixYSlPjo8tz9P8Wgi5XeyUB5krO1AQHWYH3x3TMK5WFDsD0VYlWQhCBmUXulJx9kN8v5nT4UNNxdfzFs0a-6sUQJut3erAc/s400/SmallPupil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197421546955203506" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://drugrecognition.com/images/SmallPupil.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Marijuana is an illegal and impairing substance from the THC (</span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">) within the plant. THC belongs to a group of chemicals called cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors have been located in the brain. Cannabinoids affect the neurotransmitter anandamide and cause problems with motor skills, perception, memory, and orientation. Although cannabis causes euphoria and relaxation, it raises both blood pressure and pulse rate, causes severe pupil dilation, and reddening of the conjunctiva. Federal law prohibits medicinal marijuana in the US, however 14 states have passed laws allowing medicinal marijuana use. Dr. Robert Melamede has conducted much research on cannabinoids for medical use. The following website has interesting information: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">http://www.thc-ministry.net/cannabisinfo.htm<br /><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU08pckvy-v3MyK-gktahJEbmmlgeVyqec21vZC-EFY0kwvxbYGgQoK6Pfc006juUJ8EeDL-4UW_jR5gsuxhhzbILd7SvTv1_MuGYBKVPgLlXTiGPqSFcI7ulTCwiKBZKA-Ztlg0x_xb4/s1600-h/Cannabis_sativa.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU08pckvy-v3MyK-gktahJEbmmlgeVyqec21vZC-EFY0kwvxbYGgQoK6Pfc006juUJ8EeDL-4UW_jR5gsuxhhzbILd7SvTv1_MuGYBKVPgLlXTiGPqSFcI7ulTCwiKBZKA-Ztlg0x_xb4/s400/Cannabis_sativa.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197424377338651586" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Cannabis_sativa.jpg<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Senses</span></span><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Table of Contents<br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;">Sensory Receptors and Sensations<br />Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors<br />Senses of Taste and Smell<br />Sense of Vision<br />Sense of Hearing<br />Sense of Equilibrium<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Sensory Receptors and Sensations</span> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Sensory receptors are dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli. Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that detect stimuli outside the body, such as taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. Interoceptors receive stimuli from inside the body.<br /></span></span></span><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Chemoreceptors respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity and monitor blood pH.<br /></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Nociceptors respond to pain and the chemicals released by damaged tissue.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Photoreceptors respond to light energy.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by mechanical forces.</span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Thermoreceptors are stimulated by changes in temperature.</span></span></span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli by generating nerve impulses. When the nerve impulses arrive at the cerebral cortex, sensation occurs.<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLC8mC1GMUvhcHA_Z9VDOrTosi29DevUmyY_z3T_RjTcK_Ib2sTKNmVV9_M2XvLiGnxmKmC7Vzla7O-p4ZLHwIqb3gSLaH1h8KIzFPH2fGLhS7wD1Cn4Weg82G5-ncOxDNVuQxjJZoKM/s1600-h/image012.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLC8mC1GMUvhcHA_Z9VDOrTosi29DevUmyY_z3T_RjTcK_Ib2sTKNmVV9_M2XvLiGnxmKmC7Vzla7O-p4ZLHwIqb3gSLaH1h8KIzFPH2fGLhS7wD1Cn4Weg82G5-ncOxDNVuQxjJZoKM/s320/image012.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197439529983271890" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Blood_Vessels_files/image012.jpg<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Proprioceptors and Cutaneous Receptors<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Proprioceptors are mechanoceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone and thereby the body's equilibrium and posture. Muscle spindles act to increase the degree of muscle contraction and Golgi tendon organs act to decrease it. Cutaneous receptors are contained in the dermis layer of the skin. Cutaneous receptors make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. Three types of cutaneous receptors are sensitive to fine touch, two types of cutaneous receptors are sensitive to pressure. Temperature receptors are simply free nerve endings in the epidermis.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpNxFiZPihH7xSVaFhOQjtpQQe340Ie52MN8VCZ9bpRdzbbBurkPgnl7lh6lyQBnnV_Iw7zGq0IH2OLZE-eZCIltMz8aPN_jIGsnMGifko0jAjHi48lj8AWGqolVKX0ccBhL7Aoa2ya2c/s1600-h/skin.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpNxFiZPihH7xSVaFhOQjtpQQe340Ie52MN8VCZ9bpRdzbbBurkPgnl7lh6lyQBnnV_Iw7zGq0IH2OLZE-eZCIltMz8aPN_jIGsnMGifko0jAjHi48lj8AWGqolVKX0ccBhL7Aoa2ya2c/s320/skin.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197486435321111522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.unmc.edu/Physiology/Mann/pix_5/skin.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Nociceptors are pain receptors sensitive to chemicals released by damaged tissue. Some pain medication works by inhibiting the synthesis of certain chemicals. Sometimes, stimulation of the internal pain receptors is felt as pain from the skin as well as internal organs. This is called referred pain. For example, pain from the heart may be felt in the shoulder.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6EwePnlB30ShIFPKwdOxEfQmchPB3kVBOlHq6dYzYgTflBOu6YUfK4z5w0Bts2plYBfgVbkvO7Mz94W1_SerIiAdUXIKJrzF4XeBFie-v_bmtQkpTATCtJoBXWoeNJfaMG_gaDIyvjc/s1600-h/pain_illus_large.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6EwePnlB30ShIFPKwdOxEfQmchPB3kVBOlHq6dYzYgTflBOu6YUfK4z5w0Bts2plYBfgVbkvO7Mz94W1_SerIiAdUXIKJrzF4XeBFie-v_bmtQkpTATCtJoBXWoeNJfaMG_gaDIyvjc/s320/pain_illus_large.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197488561329923058" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.sfn.org/skins/main/images/brainbriefings/pain_illus_large.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Senses of Taste and Smell<br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Taste and smell are called chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to molecules in the food we eat and the air we breathe. Taste cells and olfactory cells bear chemoreceptors. Olfactory cells act from a distance and taste cells act directly.<br /><br />An adult human has about 3000 taste buds located on the tongue, hard palate, pharynx, and epiglottis. There are 4 primary types of tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter, and a 5th, umami may exist. Taste buds open at a taste pore and the taste is interpreted and weighted at the gustatory cortex.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQDjYTboC6JkRTmozUIirAIv796DF4L2t7aNJ1Xtnc0BoGFhDTdpaP2OcwCAxc2E__N3gs7eb4LQkAljM9hzSpq12t3QVRGcUcAGazxIOQIk02fMRBdr4M3c1eVorqu7UtntIoSzs-TQU/s1600-h/nature05401-f1.2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQDjYTboC6JkRTmozUIirAIv796DF4L2t7aNJ1Xtnc0BoGFhDTdpaP2OcwCAxc2E__N3gs7eb4LQkAljM9hzSpq12t3QVRGcUcAGazxIOQIk02fMRBdr4M3c1eVorqu7UtntIoSzs-TQU/s320/nature05401-f1.2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197493006621074434" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7117/images/nature05401-f1.2.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Approximately 80-90% of what we perceive as taste is actually due to our sense of smell. Our sense of smell depends on between 10 and 20 million olfactory cells located within the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory cells are modified neurons. An odor's signature is determined by which neurons are stimulated. The neurons communicate this information to the cerebral cortex. The olfactory bulbs have direct connections to the limbic system, which accounts for the aroma-memory connection.<br /><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nupOWRfPJ2Snep4qYDk3JbMiQdmVc8fAChL9nksHzktz6knJGTxnpmHzNrA5-L18dpXod6043aHvfto3I5EKW-jziLbVkTPlaN1poVL2Jumt6QqKKUbK9E9aABgjaJSLwUQ-yeH5cBA/s1600-h/uesc_09_img0525.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9nupOWRfPJ2Snep4qYDk3JbMiQdmVc8fAChL9nksHzktz6knJGTxnpmHzNrA5-L18dpXod6043aHvfto3I5EKW-jziLbVkTPlaN1poVL2Jumt6QqKKUbK9E9aABgjaJSLwUQ-yeH5cBA/s400/uesc_09_img0525.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197494947946292242" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_09_img0525.jpg<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-size:100%;" ><br />Sense of Vision<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Vision requires the work of the eye and the brain. The eyeball has 3 layers: the sclera, the choroid, and the retina.<br /><br /></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ2uFyrW2NC-ShKawnAcw3ZaQu7Uf8NtFzZNht0NkX6Ccxj3r_HS-3TNM0za8FQxD1kAQsH3Ggd3iwqM6MpYfkNAd7WpmwmLzdi8Nt5IP7bp6ldArdmrYmtUKIlKztU26tlAhzn-UQmg/s1600-h/eyeball.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixQ2uFyrW2NC-ShKawnAcw3ZaQu7Uf8NtFzZNht0NkX6Ccxj3r_HS-3TNM0za8FQxD1kAQsH3Ggd3iwqM6MpYfkNAd7WpmwmLzdi8Nt5IP7bp6ldArdmrYmtUKIlKztU26tlAhzn-UQmg/s400/eyeball.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197496232141513762" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://library.thinkquest.org/J002508/images/eyeball.gif</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The outer layer, sclera, is white and fibrous except for the cornea, which is made of transparent collagen fibers. The middle, thin, darly pigmented layer, the choroid, is vascular and absorbs stray light rays that photoreceptors have not absorbed. The iris regulates the size of the pupil, a hole in the iris center where light enters. The ciliary body contains the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens for near and far vision. The lens is attached to the ciliary body. The third layer, the retina, is filled with a clear, gelatinous material called the vitreous humor. The retina has a special area called the fovea centralis where cone cells are densely packed. The cornea, assisted by the lens and the humors focuses images on the retina.<br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDJjtEjvXashyckcdYieba4NQfChVJFpaAixgpwTk66_pipynEY_gm4hRrr8aItyMCigvAdMxREjkRHMKI4yj0mLzJ07cUghz9qJtbcmtQ1q7ym-_24LevpZ5iIM9K3_e2Za91Uap5cE/s1600-h/donoreye.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDJjtEjvXashyckcdYieba4NQfChVJFpaAixgpwTk66_pipynEY_gm4hRrr8aItyMCigvAdMxREjkRHMKI4yj0mLzJ07cUghz9qJtbcmtQ1q7ym-_24LevpZ5iIM9K3_e2Za91Uap5cE/s320/donoreye.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197668052404485954" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.lebct.org/donoreye.jpg (cornea)</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The photoreceptors are called rods and cone cells. The visual pigment in rods is a deep purple pigment called rhodopsin. Rods are best suited to night vision because they are very sensitive to light. They also provide peripheral vision and perception of motion. The cones are activated by bright light. Color vision depends on 3 different types of cones which contain different pigments. The optic nerve carries nerve impulses to the optic chiasma. Fibers from the chiasma make up the right and left optic tracts, which take nerve impulses to the visual cortex.<br /></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXRmQfwXhh2MEcSHprwuHFFayL6DhS9HmW3pThf1gm9-h7ORg93m6Ur4bXGRpkb5urxcCoaJ0JKAE_Sn3Ks2pFZUWh4t5tshOXoZ2_hQI9BtrZAfNMK7gWo0P1ZTctBL33LaH1DvfuIY/s1600-h/fig3-61retinarods-conesBIG.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXRmQfwXhh2MEcSHprwuHFFayL6DhS9HmW3pThf1gm9-h7ORg93m6Ur4bXGRpkb5urxcCoaJ0JKAE_Sn3Ks2pFZUWh4t5tshOXoZ2_hQI9BtrZAfNMK7gWo0P1ZTctBL33LaH1DvfuIY/s320/fig3-61retinarods-conesBIG.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197680838522126162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.eyedesignbook.com/ch3/fig3-61retinarods-conesBIG.jpg</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Sense of Hearing<br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The ear has 2 functions: hearing and balance. The sensory receptors are located in the inner ear. The ear itself has 3 divisions: outer, middle, and inner. The outer ear consists of the pinna and auditory canal. The middle ear begins at the tympanic membrane and ends at a bony wall containing 2 small openings; the oval and round window. The bones in the ear are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The eustachian tube extends from them iddle ear to the nasopharynx and permits equalization of air pressure. The inner ear has 3 areas: the semicircular canals and the vestibule (equilibrium) and the cochlea (balance).<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCRifCNooGoqIeS3OxI4AxSw_fu8QDSjC2jyRyhZ90y8RmUOOwObSnIViT7kurqEjXHeu-3IVJmcvLU88u-M68xS5eta1gyb54knU_QY3DfbpU1_LMZMMlRb9-8P5NNEX3Pl0pFEm8qzg/s1600-h/The-Human-Ear.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCRifCNooGoqIeS3OxI4AxSw_fu8QDSjC2jyRyhZ90y8RmUOOwObSnIViT7kurqEjXHeu-3IVJmcvLU88u-M68xS5eta1gyb54knU_QY3DfbpU1_LMZMMlRb9-8P5NNEX3Pl0pFEm8qzg/s320/The-Human-Ear.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197683093379956578" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.hearingprofessionals.co.nz/Images/The-Human-Ear.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Sound waves enter the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane. THe malleus takes the pressure from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane and passes it, by means of the incus, to the stapes in such a way that the pressure is multiplied about 20x as it moves. The pressure is passed to the fluid within the cochlea. The spiral organ in the cochleas is sensitive to different wave frequencies. The nerve impulses are passed from the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Sense of Equilibrium<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">The vestibular nerve arises in the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle. It takes nerve impulses to the brain stem and cerebellum. Mechanoreceptors in the semicircular canals detect rotational and/or angular movement of the head (rotational equilibrium). Mechanoreceptors in the utricle and saccule detect movement of the head in the vertical or horizontal planes (gravitational equilibrium). <br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiKQLPZe5We-ItNBBWqLp8yjiG9CCat6B85FltGTesn9Rp7S5hXcV1WAS_qBVhznIoHZ4upT0noG2zin8CB3W_St1GgClhtTFcalPqhnPWHcHRBAO2KsWKj_ZueQA9Q5uiuTPKGOnfrIg/s1600-h/image.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiKQLPZe5We-ItNBBWqLp8yjiG9CCat6B85FltGTesn9Rp7S5hXcV1WAS_qBVhznIoHZ4upT0noG2zin8CB3W_St1GgClhtTFcalPqhnPWHcHRBAO2KsWKj_ZueQA9Q5uiuTPKGOnfrIg/s320/image.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5197685824979156850" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=14297&rendTypeId=4<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">References:<br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Brain (2008)<br />http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/home.html<br /><br />Drugs (2008)<br />www.drugs.com<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Mader, S. (2008) Nervous System and Senses. <span style="font-style: italic;">Human Biology 10th Ed</span>. (p 247-94)<br /><br />Nervous System (2008)<br />www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookNERV.html<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-5018606194204102652008-04-09T08:07:00.000-07:002008-04-09T10:59:38.053-07:00Blood Pressure Lab<div><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;">High blood pressure (hypertension) </span><span style="font-size:85%;">is a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html"></a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span> </span> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Blood pressure</span> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways. </span></p><span style="font-size:85%;">For this lab assignment, blood pressure readings were analyzed for both males and females broken down into the following age ranges: 11-17, 18-24, 25-34, and 45-54. The following table and graph represent the numerical data from the analysis. I could not get a full picture of the table showing the age ranges, but the are reflected along the y axis in the above listed descending order:<br /><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZADHw91Wb4REsOdAPWZSN7c2Wt68rRo3nkPznXmI_Z2XNUuO2QHi-pPzJFZFGW8MmEDK7ragAxsKmHFHPjAGTcuJqS2pExhSWyYtFW99v9PfQyTkven5TlKOgRt9-G6q00JqUuIuKXcQ/s1600-h/table.bmp"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187265940152316210" style="" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZADHw91Wb4REsOdAPWZSN7c2Wt68rRo3nkPznXmI_Z2XNUuO2QHi-pPzJFZFGW8MmEDK7ragAxsKmHFHPjAGTcuJqS2pExhSWyYtFW99v9PfQyTkven5TlKOgRt9-G6q00JqUuIuKXcQ/s400/table.bmp" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The graph represents the table data for the age ranges and gender. The orange line represents female diastolic as the orange key is not visible in the picture. The y axis represents the systolic and diastolic readings and the x axis represents the age ranges.</span><br /><div><br /><div><div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZCizftlUV5ddoooucfzoFMsyElY2ANHo__zvkYcFHRwnd2CEFCiPWnKtmEvgjJ-kY4FjMj6bUzIpYBni1EusOLaotQQaULAbb2sSXeMVka4MDufpywipdvRfy1ofFM62Q4IQGH9WxCQ/s1600-h/graph.bmp"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187262602962727154" style="" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZCizftlUV5ddoooucfzoFMsyElY2ANHo__zvkYcFHRwnd2CEFCiPWnKtmEvgjJ-kY4FjMj6bUzIpYBni1EusOLaotQQaULAbb2sSXeMVka4MDufpywipdvRfy1ofFM62Q4IQGH9WxCQ/s400/graph.bmp" border="0" /></a><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Journal information:</span><div></div><br /><div></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure.<br /><br /></span>As age increases in both males and females, blood pressure increases. However, the increase in males in more substantial compared to females.<br /><br /></span><div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members.<br /><br /></span>The average blood pressure would increase in both the female and male groups if the age of the subjects increased. If the males were added to the female group respective to age, the average blood pressure for the female group would increase. The reverse would occur if females were added to male groups. Additionally, blending age groups per gender would fluctuate the blood pressure depending upon the age group added and amount of people.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?<br /></span>I recorded the blood pressure data into the table and utilized and compared the information per gender and age group to test my hypothesis. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.<br /><br /></span>Blood pressure does increase with age for the male group. An anomaly in the female group is a lower blood pressure in the 18-24 range compared to the 11-17 range. Additionally, medical history and informati0on provided explain some of the different and higher results for outside the normal range readings.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?<br /><br /></span>The results of the experiment supported my hypothesis for the most part. There is a disparity in the female age groups of 11-17 and 18-24 where the 18-24 is lower. Overall, as age increases, regardless of gender, blood pressure increases.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading?<br /><br /></span>Outside the normal range blood pressures were evident in both genders starting in the 25-34 groups, although males had a higher instance of that per group. Factors that affected the blood pressure for both groups were: family history of hypertension, high salt intake, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?<br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;">Factors that affected the blood pressure for both groups were: family history of hypertension, salt intake, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Lack of exercise, high salt intake, and alcohol consumption were more prevalent than family history. However, combinations of the 4 resulted in higher readings overall.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure?</span><br /><br /></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Obesity is a factor in hypertension but obesity alone does not guarantee hypertension. However, an obese person may have other factors (such as the lack of exercise and poor eating habits) that assist in the hypertension. <br /></span><br /><div></div></div></div></div></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-3118148924632921562008-04-09T08:23:00.000-07:002008-04-09T10:22:12.611-07:00A Day of Food<div><span style="font-size:85%;">I had a bit of difficulty with this lab as most of the food I actually eat is not listed or is not in the proper fat/carbs/protein ratio that I normally consume.<br /><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3gpEJ7VOytsyCP0bknlKeSyOrktKDtIBOgCRad-FCNlhdrIl_ETuWfrIfkz4Z9tQOeWn4OsqITPi7Z_E1NURgAlJtqW0TZnNBzRNUFnW-crXxnprl0dWhN5eT-1lMIKhlKxAeWl_qtY/s1600-h/food.bmp"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5187269453435564354" style="" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU3gpEJ7VOytsyCP0bknlKeSyOrktKDtIBOgCRad-FCNlhdrIl_ETuWfrIfkz4Z9tQOeWn4OsqITPi7Z_E1NURgAlJtqW0TZnNBzRNUFnW-crXxnprl0dWhN5eT-1lMIKhlKxAeWl_qtY/s400/food.bmp" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">How healthy a daily diet do you think this is? Why?<br /><br /></span>My diet overall is pretty healthy. I am still overweight (again thanks to the evils of prednisone), but my blood pressure and pulse are good (110/68 and 72 bpm.) I have recently quit drinking soda and started drinking a lot more water again. I have an autoimmune disease similar to lupus and I find that the healthier I eat, the better I feel.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">-What would you change about this day's eating, if anything?<br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"> I probably need to consume a few more calories and lower my fat intake somewhat. My normal fat intake is less than 20 grams per day. The diet does not reflect hydration which is very important. Sometimes thirst is mistaken for hunger. I probably did not drink enough water that day.<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">-Do you find this kind of nutritional tracking helpful? Why or why not?</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">I find tracking helpful at times but it can lead to the point of obsessing over every little thing you consume. When I was very heavy, I tried a lot of different eating styles and found counting fat grams the most helpful. </span><br /><div></div></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-92051825597619750562008-03-29T02:06:00.001-07:002008-03-29T02:46:32.058-07:00Food-Healthy or Not?<span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">Having had a weight problem on and off for most of my life, I look at food as both an enemy and a friend. I have a love-hate relationship with food, and realize the impact is has on me, not only physically, but mentally. Food can get to the point of running (or ruining) your life...can you go to the Christmas party or your friend's house and have dinner? Will there be healthy food? If not, will everyone think you are snotty for not eating? Will they snicker, will they laugh?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">The American diet for the most part is pathetic. Processed food, chemicals, irradiation, vitamins, pills, supplements, organic, or not...the list never ends. And that is just the beginning. Part of the problem with healthy eating is it costs more than cheap, processed food. Organic strawberries-$6.00, 8 processed hot dogs-$0.79, healthy food at a decent cost-priceless. Americans are bigger, unhealthier, and seemingly lazier than ever before.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">I used to weigh 240 pounds and worked very hard to lose it. I tried many diets, fasts, pills, counting calories, counting fat, counting every ounce of food that entered my body. I became obsessed. I worked at a forklift factory doing security in a plant that had 3 forklift scales that I would weigh on every hour and average my weight. Every hour, eight hours a day, forty hours a week. Could I leave work thinner than when I got there? How much water could I drink to make that happen? What if I ate just fruit or negative calorie food? How many miles could I walk in an eight hour shift? One, two, four, ten?</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">The only thing that has ever really worked for me is counting fat grams. Nothing else. Eating a diet that did not have a lot of meat, a lot of veggies and fruit, and drinking a lot of water seemed to be the way to go. I would eat around 17 grams of fat a day, but sometimes consume 1500-1800 calories and the weight fell off.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">After a few years though I became very ill with an autoimmune disease similar to lupus. At first the doctors thought I was allergic to something I was eating. Start with the basics-red dye, shellfish, nuts, dairy, strawberries, tomatoes, gluten, who knows? I lived on lamb and rice for six weeks trying to isolate the problem. I started to think everything I ate, everything that I absorbed through my skin was causing me to be sick. I was sick for almost four years before anyone had a clue what was wrong.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">I once went to a naturopath/chiropractor who told me I needed to eat for my blood type, O-. My blood type begged for meat, especially red meat, and lots of it. I never was a huge fan of meat, but I figured what the heck, I'll try anything. Up until that point I had eaten mostly lacto-ovatarian and felt fine. Eating for my blood type removed my gall bladder, with a doctor's assistance. After I started eating so much meat, I felt awful. How anyone can do the Atkins diet is beyond me.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">Overall, I believe a healthy diet consists of a lot of fresh vegetables and fresh fruit, not a great deal of meat (I don't know the last time someone in the US died from a protein deficiency), whole grains, and water-about a gallon a day. Not that I don't like Pepsi and pizza as much as the next person, but I do know what I feel better and healthier eating.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-22578486441885665872008-03-29T01:26:00.000-07:002008-03-29T02:02:35.315-07:00Lab Exercise-Drug Recognition Evaluation<span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">I am a police officer and Drug Recognition Expert and specialize in drug impaired driving. The drug impaired driving program classifies 7 different categories of drugs based on their psychological and physiological effects on the body. A full drug evaluation is a process which includes a series of questions, blood pressure, pulse, temperature, divided attention tests, eye examinations, and toxicology by way of blood or urine.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQoUMVuqba1-hWRKdxHQVEl-9oRacjU2Sw0iAcpgdX94LyVjOjnCwm-8oFTyoqqIpMnBARY9yaQ-H9A9FjFoSuzLfM27W91ckRGzs6snKGVSpvxRleG4kdKU-H_TSBS_TANjcyLzbuCm4/s1600-h/2006-11-18-sv-car-crash.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQoUMVuqba1-hWRKdxHQVEl-9oRacjU2Sw0iAcpgdX94LyVjOjnCwm-8oFTyoqqIpMnBARY9yaQ-H9A9FjFoSuzLfM27W91ckRGzs6snKGVSpvxRleG4kdKU-H_TSBS_TANjcyLzbuCm4/s400/2006-11-18-sv-car-crash.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183038841929527378" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 78%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">http://www.paloaltodailynews.com/pics/padn/400xN/padn/2006-11-18-sv-car-crash</span><br /><p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 85%;">There are seven categories of drugs that we consider for impairment.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">The drug symptomatology (and their exceptions) is categorized on a matrix card for quick reference.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">A much more intensive list of signs and symptoms are also utilized.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 85%;">Although each person is different, the majority of the time, drugs act a certain way upon the human body, both psychologically and physiologically.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:300pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/POLLYK~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msoclip1/01/clip_image001.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMxb56a8GQpzcNWivt_zvubXc5Gin5KrQB5nJG3fhpnPhUbQpHCMs_d36wp97egy6rWiA5h-CuflnG8QcX87UeyJaqSFuR9VLU-4DGpNSC4Cr-PTlUwc6tqzqjbgNA3JvZQ4MDwajuCpo/s1600-h/DRC.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMxb56a8GQpzcNWivt_zvubXc5Gin5KrQB5nJG3fhpnPhUbQpHCMs_d36wp97egy6rWiA5h-CuflnG8QcX87UeyJaqSFuR9VLU-4DGpNSC4Cr-PTlUwc6tqzqjbgNA3JvZQ4MDwajuCpo/s400/DRC.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182451329058140098" border="0" /></a></p><p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 78%;">http://www.bear-aide.com/images/DRC.jpg</span><br /><!--[endif]--></p> <p style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 85%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">The primary tasks for a Drug Recognition Expert are to determine driving impairment above and beyond alcohol impairment, if alcohol only is impairing the person, if the person has a medical condition or injury causing the impairment, or if the person is not impaired at all.<br /><br />A drug evaluation consists of questions asked of the subject about what they have had to eat or drink in the past 24 hrs, physical disabilities and impairments, medication and drug usage, and sleeping habits. We also ask the subject if they know the approximate time without looking at a watch or clock. These questions assist in determining impairment factors, but also give us a chance to evaluate a persons speech patterns, body language, environmental interactions, and internal body clock.<br /><br />Regardless of whether or not alcohol is suspected for the impairment, I request a breath sample showing the breath alcohol content from a deep lung breath from the subject. I can use an instrument calibrated to obtain and process breath alcohol.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghM1-kXktVLRcTmqaXXDg6hL433M6g8rGXyrHId_n9baZJQPRLJd4hPni8VF11F-UP-aTkVSCFUBW7J6x62AP61upzTYzhc1XJdg7BWpn5aRCbPBOyNweG2bdvDwpQUh_OCBJ83mL7TrM/s1600-h/intox8000.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghM1-kXktVLRcTmqaXXDg6hL433M6g8rGXyrHId_n9baZJQPRLJd4hPni8VF11F-UP-aTkVSCFUBW7J6x62AP61upzTYzhc1XJdg7BWpn5aRCbPBOyNweG2bdvDwpQUh_OCBJ83mL7TrM/s320/intox8000.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182454683427598290" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size: 78%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><br />http://www.alcoholtest.com/images/intox8000.gif<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">After the series of questions and breath sample, I request the subject perform a Standardized Field Sobriety test called Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN.) Nystagmus is an involuntary jerking of the eyeball which is not normally visible to the naked eye. However, certain drugs enhance nystagmus to the point where it is visible. Central nervous system (CNS) depressants (including alcohol), inhalants, and dissociative anesthetics (such as PCP) enhance nystagmus. There are other types of nystagmus, but for law enforcement purposes, I look for nystagmus resulting from drug use or a recent head injury. While having the subject perform this test, I look for equality in pupil size, the nystagmus itself, and how the person balances and follows instructions.<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzNFa9xljmDRF6nNIjb3b9aKmvOFcyLYtuzadGytItZ8ORK0Cn2cdq16ywtxZG-T_9bZ7QIfJxNoH3sO-tKIf3Tvoez9L5H8MSLhHVbroJRyplUM5nTene6LVXjZNyvcF0AwFicYGZV3E/s1600-h/hgn.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzNFa9xljmDRF6nNIjb3b9aKmvOFcyLYtuzadGytItZ8ORK0Cn2cdq16ywtxZG-T_9bZ7QIfJxNoH3sO-tKIf3Tvoez9L5H8MSLhHVbroJRyplUM5nTene6LVXjZNyvcF0AwFicYGZV3E/s320/hgn.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182457604005359602" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 78%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/enforce/nystagmus/hgn.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">The subject also performs divided attention tests such as the Walk and Turn, One Leg Stand, Rhomberg Balance, and the Finger to Nose test.<br /><br />After completion of the divided attention tests, eye examinations are completed in which the subject's pupil size is measured in room light, near total darkness (NTD), and direct light. The pupil size is documented as normal, dilated, or constricted. During the direct light examination, the reaction to light (RTL) of the pupil is checked for normal reaction, slow reaction, or little to no reaction to the light stimulus.<br /><br />Dilated Pupil<br /></span></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuT1P_EoOlc5j_DJ-UITf85w1Pnr96C6NZc1JwkAJazE1IFUzbwiEZbk612-2muGX6OGt2ly3Pf5F598sgeHM8GJ75wKqyANA6Jcezgk_2P6wdPkG_5g7d4xi07x8189IjxNW3Qk0vyw/s1600-h/dilatedpupil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuT1P_EoOlc5j_DJ-UITf85w1Pnr96C6NZc1JwkAJazE1IFUzbwiEZbk612-2muGX6OGt2ly3Pf5F598sgeHM8GJ75wKqyANA6Jcezgk_2P6wdPkG_5g7d4xi07x8189IjxNW3Qk0vyw/s320/dilatedpupil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183016082897825826" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 78%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">http://farm1.static.flickr.com/147/418554887_c823e282e7.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><br />Constricted Pupil<br /></span><a style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7n81E0ClJQJH9zti6KF_j6EB0NTrVMEph-sirYwcVmzXSi_Vz1f3VDggh3Mby9WtdAb4CjUtUgBjQy7KotXeByXdr019_Rw6IWUV5W1ndy40GAHX3YSn5VH3TIBfbYGbTNbgqgclTMWo/s1600-h/Constricted_pupils.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7n81E0ClJQJH9zti6KF_j6EB0NTrVMEph-sirYwcVmzXSi_Vz1f3VDggh3Mby9WtdAb4CjUtUgBjQy7KotXeByXdr019_Rw6IWUV5W1ndy40GAHX3YSn5VH3TIBfbYGbTNbgqgclTMWo/s400/Constricted_pupils.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5183016778682527810" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size: 78%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">http://www.washoe.k12.nv.us/schools/safeanddrugfreeschools/images/Constricted_pupils.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Pulse is checked 3 times during the examination and blood pressure once. Temperature is also taken during the evaluation. Once the evaluation is completed in its entirety, a blood or urine sample is obtained from the subject to identify the drugs used.<br /><br />1) For the purposes of this lab experiment, I am taking the information from anonymous individuals that are under the influence of either a CNS stimulant drug, cannabis, or a narcotic analgesic, and testing whether or not the human physiological reactions fall into drug symptomatolgy categories for the certain drugs. I placed evaluations in 3 piles and mixed them up and randomly chose 1 test subject from each drug category. I will test the following aspects of the drug evaluation:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"> Blood Pressure-normal 120/80<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse rate- normal (for DRE purposes) 60-90 bpm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-normal 98.6 plus or minus 1 degree</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil Size-normal: room light 2.5-5.0mm, NTD 5.0-8.5mm, direct light 2.0-4.5mm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupillary Reaction to Light-normal, slow, or little to none<br /></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">The common symptoms for the 3 categories are as follows:<br /><br />CNS Stimulants:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP-elevated<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-elevated<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-elevated<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size-dilated<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-slow</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Cannabis:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP-elevated</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-elevated<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-normal</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size-dilated</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-normal</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Narcotic Analgesics:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP-below normal</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-below normal<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-below normal</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size-constricted</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-little to none</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">All subjects reflected in this are anonymous and the information has been utilized in part from previous drug evaluations. The toxicology has been confirmed by an accredited lab.<br /><br />2) Hypothesis:<br /><br />I expect that a person psychoactively under the influence of the either a CNS stimulant, cannabis, or a narcotic analgesic will exhibit symptoms common with that drug category symptomatology.<br /><br />Subject 1, 21 year old male: CNS Stimulant<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP</span>-<span style="font-size: 85%;">140/100<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-114, 120, 106 bpm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-100.2<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size- room light-7.5mm, NTD-8.5mm, direct light-7.0mm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-slow<br /></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Subject 2, 35 year old female: Cannabis<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP-150/90</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-96, 100, 88 bpm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-99.0</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size-room light-7.0mm, NTD-9.0mm, direct light-5.5mm</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-normal</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Subject 3, 55 year old male: Narcotic analgesics<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">BP-100/60</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pulse-54, 58, 52 bpm<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Temperature-96.2</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil size-room light-3.0mm, NTD-3.5mm, direct light-3.0mm</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">RTL-Little to none visible</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">3) For DRE evaluations I used the following equipment:</span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);"><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Sphygmomometer (manual, not electric)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Stethoscope</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Thermometer and sheath</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Nitrile gloves</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupil light</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Red glow stick stimulus (for pupil test)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Pupillometer</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Watch</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: 85%; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">4) Data and bar graphs:<br /><br /></span> <table style="width: 528pt; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(102, 0, 204);" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="704"> <tbody><tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="5" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 240pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="320"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">SYSTOLIC/ DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; width: 48pt; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom" width="64"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">190<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">180<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; 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height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">170<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">160<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">150<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">SYSTOLIC B/P<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">140<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">DIASTOLIC B/P<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">130<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" str="NORMAL " nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORMAL <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">110<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" str="NORMAL " nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORMAL <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">90<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">80<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">70<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">60<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">50<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">40<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">20<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: gray none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: silver none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CNS STIM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CANN<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">N/A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">Pulse/ BPM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">122<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">120<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">118<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">116<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">114<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">112<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">110<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">108<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">106<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">104<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">102<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">98<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">96<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">94<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">92<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">90<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">88<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">86<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">84<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">82<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">80<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">78<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">76<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">74<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">72<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">70<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">68<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">66<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">64<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">62<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">60<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">58<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">56<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">54<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">52<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">50<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">48<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: red none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CNS STIM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CANN<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">N/A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">TEMP<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">102<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">101<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">100<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">99<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">98<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">97<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">96<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">95<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">94<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: teal none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CNS STIM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CANN<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">N/A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td colspan="4" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">PUPIL SIZE: ROOM LIGHT, NTD, DIRECT<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">9.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">9<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NTD<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">8.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(204, 153, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">ROOM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">DIRECT<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">7.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(204, 153, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">7<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(204, 153, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">ROOM/ DIRECT THE SAME<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">6.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(204, 153, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(204, 153, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: blue none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NTD NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">ROOM NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">DIRECT NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">3.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: purple none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: navy none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">2.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(153, 51, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: fuchsia none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; background: rgb(51, 102, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CNS STIM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">CANN<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">N/A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">NORM<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt;"> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 0in; height: 12.75pt;" nowrap="nowrap" valign="bottom"> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">5) The different measurements reflected on the DRE evaluations support the hypothesis. For each drug category, the measurements are accurate for the drug symptoms. A couple anomalies in the data in that the subject under the influence of a CNS stimulant had pupils of 8.5mm in NTD. That is the normal range, but in the high end. However, for DRE purposes, the totality of the pupils show a consistent dilation, which is how the documentation would occur. The other anomaly is the subject under the influence of cannabis had one pulse at 88 bpm which is in the normal range, rather than elevated. Again, the other 2 are elevated which would categorize as a whole as elevated.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">6) One of the problems with the technique I chose is picking only one evaluation for each category, instead of more than one, which may have reflected less consistency with the drug symptoms. Also, polydrug use is a factor with drug evaluations and trying to find single category drug use is difficult.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">7) Overall, the drug symptomatology for each of the 3 categories; CNS stimulants, cannabis, and narcotic analgesics are consistent with what the subjects exhibited during their DRE evaluations.</span><br /></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-20652117655330951852008-03-24T19:36:00.000-07:002008-03-24T21:12:08.253-07:00Compendium Review II<span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Table of Contents</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Digestive System and Nutrition<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >The organs of the digestive system are located within a tube called the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract.)<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJpFVxXS-Ze_fJBfIP7oACpRWNAwQrQlQfHbjaqnMGyjmgejDHQznY1sYMnr88KX6kAf3ntbpRIqtb9eeqwcK_J4b4HFQFeRBEt2c9wMRiYCth-62ct9ZgZTP7jIW1XRab0xQwqYbOds/s1600-h/gi-tract.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiJpFVxXS-Ze_fJBfIP7oACpRWNAwQrQlQfHbjaqnMGyjmgejDHQznY1sYMnr88KX6kAf3ntbpRIqtb9eeqwcK_J4b4HFQFeRBEt2c9wMRiYCth-62ct9ZgZTP7jIW1XRab0xQwqYbOds/s320/gi-tract.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181503386826239618" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.giconsults.com/images/gi-tract.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ingestion occurs when the mouth takes in food. Digestion can be mechanical or chemical. Mechanical digestion occurs when the food is divided into pieces, Chemical digestion begins in the mouth and is not completed until food reaches the small intestine. Movement fo the GI tract contents along the digestive tract is very important in orider for the tract to fulfill other functions. Absorption occurs as unit molecules produced by digestion cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining the tract. Elimination occurs as indigestible wastes pass through the anus in the form of feces.<br /><br />The wall of the gastrointestinal tract has a mouth and an end. The lumen is the central space that contains water. The first layer of the wall next to the lumen is called the mucosa. The second layer of the GI wall is the submucosa. The third layer is the muscualris which contains 2 layers of smooth muscle. The fourth layer is the serosa. The appendix is a worm-shaped blind tube projecting from the first part of the large intestine on the right side.<br /><br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSEV1EipneI_b6SuZEro3wdsonWYJ5Ysy7PCEVqGZK4Ieg5sXemFdC8RtVrItnFRDZpf668kpdeXTemkgrpDUNqvbWTKfP4S2ydekGxf9YQ_DJATHxT7C4y5hS7Uu56XKIb1H_TFLBWxE/s1600-h/Tunics.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSEV1EipneI_b6SuZEro3wdsonWYJ5Ysy7PCEVqGZK4Ieg5sXemFdC8RtVrItnFRDZpf668kpdeXTemkgrpDUNqvbWTKfP4S2ydekGxf9YQ_DJATHxT7C4y5hS7Uu56XKIb1H_TFLBWxE/s320/Tunics.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181505663158906514" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Tunics.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The mouth, the pharynx, and the esophagus are in the first part of the GI tract.<br /></span></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Mouth- receives food and begins process of mechanical and chemical digestion</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8w_zDlR2rUlt3SI_ygp5m2opP7nsRO1g9654VErRcDrpmgZquMuyYvnT46SvBRC20SdBlfJfOEf5P3xAo3yRNPzlUe_0uQJqsMvdVcA7Vp4osFtch0tauKfi2zDjs1hyphenhyphenQ0HExwy1CmU/s1600-h/Mouth.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8w_zDlR2rUlt3SI_ygp5m2opP7nsRO1g9654VErRcDrpmgZquMuyYvnT46SvBRC20SdBlfJfOEf5P3xAo3yRNPzlUe_0uQJqsMvdVcA7Vp4osFtch0tauKfi2zDjs1hyphenhyphenQ0HExwy1CmU/s320/Mouth.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181507462750203570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Mouth.jpg<br /><br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pharynx-the food passage and air passage cross in the pharynx, where swallowing begins</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwc-0vO90Ds4u9v_WIdm9M70e6RP2myMl-tYiW_zBR23iIOmNdI9z841eYmZngO7V3uqQ26hW2dZ2kgzJSe2l8ckwlEO0W9cfSzmwURjA2UrqeZ4t_ZqIA27wFc5GhFs_L6jsD_FvaKf8/s1600-h/pharynx.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwc-0vO90Ds4u9v_WIdm9M70e6RP2myMl-tYiW_zBR23iIOmNdI9z841eYmZngO7V3uqQ26hW2dZ2kgzJSe2l8ckwlEO0W9cfSzmwURjA2UrqeZ4t_ZqIA27wFc5GhFs_L6jsD_FvaKf8/s320/pharynx.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181508222959414978" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.tiplit.com/images/organ/pharynx.jpg<br /><br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Esophagus-muscular tube that takes food to the stomach, because other avenues are blocked off, peristalsis pushes the food along the esophagus and continues in all organs of the digestive tract<br /></span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOElxJdrtgaBezmSTtqvfJeA_L7ajwC2_ZGmk5JU3H1sWB3w6EjUDheaYWgbADH8DHVO2HCRrgkZI4s-MAf2GjMDzg9DEyGDjVHOd3mC_6ycBSHJXBQW_EED6mXpDdAxu8_rV8uCbsvRU/s1600-h/illu_esophagus.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOElxJdrtgaBezmSTtqvfJeA_L7ajwC2_ZGmk5JU3H1sWB3w6EjUDheaYWgbADH8DHVO2HCRrgkZI4s-MAf2GjMDzg9DEyGDjVHOd3mC_6ycBSHJXBQW_EED6mXpDdAxu8_rV8uCbsvRU/s320/illu_esophagus.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181508884384378578" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module07_ugi/images/illu_esophagus.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >The stomach and small intestine complete the digestion of food.<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Stomach- thick walled, j shaped organ, that is continuous with the esophagus above and the duodenum of the small intestine below, stores food, initiates digestion of protein and controls movement of chyme into small intestine, has 4 layers</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ4rjoNtSq2PVr20bjnzGn2IPoDWjT-dbqP2-joZP7xnL0d-LWnQytRf41I5Eomtk16o-BWNbcs0riPx2_3qcXroO2kQR97pSGwROcMktTXH1vT_lCcbct7ef7MqYW5icrCXSu2MmB1_Q/s1600-h/stomach_tcm75-26442.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ4rjoNtSq2PVr20bjnzGn2IPoDWjT-dbqP2-joZP7xnL0d-LWnQytRf41I5Eomtk16o-BWNbcs0riPx2_3qcXroO2kQR97pSGwROcMktTXH1vT_lCcbct7ef7MqYW5icrCXSu2MmB1_Q/s320/stomach_tcm75-26442.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181510301723586274" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/Images/stomach_tcm75-26442.gif<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Small Intestine</span>- <span style="font-size:85%;">digestion is completed in the small intestine, enzymes needed to digest food are secreted to the small intestine via the pancreas and duodenum, bile is brought from liver and gall bladder to for fat emulsification, nutrients are absorbed into the vessels of the villus and are carried to the cells by the bloodstream</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyVgaC9aCJLpYDIxi3sqZUn_OLb8oQPLuLGeBaNkl5d_HVHavUuJwCYiP009KevDNJlLqEHGtOmhDV-JV8FPK5n9cbusoUC4IpYjFxQmu1Qo1zuQiwlZOEb3VvOnub2cx_D94R8AciO8/s1600-h/small_intestine.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyVgaC9aCJLpYDIxi3sqZUn_OLb8oQPLuLGeBaNkl5d_HVHavUuJwCYiP009KevDNJlLqEHGtOmhDV-JV8FPK5n9cbusoUC4IpYjFxQmu1Qo1zuQiwlZOEb3VvOnub2cx_D94R8AciO8/s320/small_intestine.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181512621005926146" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/late/small_intestine.jpg<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" ><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">3 accessory organs of the digestion system:<br /></span></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pancreas-a fish shaped, spongy, gray pink organ that stretches across the back of the abdomen, produce pancreatic juice which contains sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes for all types of food, also secretes the hormone insulin into the blood</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmy0kDded6ygwoJy2ll_ZOJLywM_i7Py9mXNLmFGc1pLHFJxCCOlIC-RB0GKUiTdh39NuBqlZl9ycHGA6WyoNNpPtATDl8CoC8zEcpYXyQDuZ7w67UhHO04Cb9qTeSe_sK2xLAtHRKYw/s1600-h/17194.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTmy0kDded6ygwoJy2ll_ZOJLywM_i7Py9mXNLmFGc1pLHFJxCCOlIC-RB0GKUiTdh39NuBqlZl9ycHGA6WyoNNpPtATDl8CoC8zEcpYXyQDuZ7w67UhHO04Cb9qTeSe_sK2xLAtHRKYw/s320/17194.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181513845071605522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/17194.jpg<br /><br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Liver- largest, major metabolic gland in the body, filters blood removing toxins, stores iron and different vitamins, along with glucose, makes plasma proteins and helps regulate cholesterol, produces bile</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Gallbladder-stores bile<br /></span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvU73OmI5_n8CBgBABxSp6NNqCmLFWjrAIzF5FLRDz8d8_5f2A2ocy6eg0qGpu-o4yXxzUKLlRB-XWpukYHvSX3Avfzb3aadiX-M-LTdiFPhIMEuwMHXahYpcdKx8Ps5GMnBiPaHkOPlg/s1600-h/liver2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvU73OmI5_n8CBgBABxSp6NNqCmLFWjrAIzF5FLRDz8d8_5f2A2ocy6eg0qGpu-o4yXxzUKLlRB-XWpukYHvSX3Avfzb3aadiX-M-LTdiFPhIMEuwMHXahYpcdKx8Ps5GMnBiPaHkOPlg/s320/liver2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181514914518462242" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sbrillanti/liver2.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Liver disorders<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Jaundice-bile pigments leak into blood</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hepatitis-inflammation of the liver caused by virus</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cirrhosis-fatty liver which turns to scarred tissue</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >The large intestine includes the cecum, the colon, the rectum, and the anal canal. The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but shorter in length. The cecum is the blind end of the large intestine and has the appendix protrude from it. The colon includes the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The large intestine absorbs water, but does not absorb nutrients. TI does however absorb intestinal floral. The large intestine forms feces. Defecation is the process in which the body rids itself of feces.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1llHN8c60UOPSszjx3FwQLKZ9PdmJcK4DYTIq5hnNzrwLerilTyzSuKbENKiM5RB4NJNTOtFv4kR1-VQoQ_8QQCJ-SD8ZjONdtZ9aJ96dPXDmUBu3-kPYYKRnIO1Lnk7mHhA199njvR0/s1600-h/8832.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1llHN8c60UOPSszjx3FwQLKZ9PdmJcK4DYTIq5hnNzrwLerilTyzSuKbENKiM5RB4NJNTOtFv4kR1-VQoQ_8QQCJ-SD8ZjONdtZ9aJ96dPXDmUBu3-kPYYKRnIO1Lnk7mHhA199njvR0/s320/8832.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181517963945242418" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/8832.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Disorders of the colon and rectum<br /></span></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Diarrhea</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Constipation</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Diverticulosis</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Irritable Bowel Syndrome</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Inflammatory Bowel Disease (colitis)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Polyps and Cancer</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Obesity is being grossly overweight and is on the rise throughout the world. Obesity is defined as through a body mass index (BMI) of 32 or greater. The BMI is a percentage of body fat or adipose tissue.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8L6B4lI0XZI_NcxmKY9UBpshLSYjuk_VcnxtuWj71qAq0B5jWoNq1FJ8L6ILiHzVWExkp92N5qh3WErYy52k9XhNkSKsaxwBThvyZuwwk-Jf2_p4vxmBHIdbmjWPE5mUyhY1EVvGnUU/s1600-h/12.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ8L6B4lI0XZI_NcxmKY9UBpshLSYjuk_VcnxtuWj71qAq0B5jWoNq1FJ8L6ILiHzVWExkp92N5qh3WErYy52k9XhNkSKsaxwBThvyZuwwk-Jf2_p4vxmBHIdbmjWPE5mUyhY1EVvGnUU/s320/12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181519759241572162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/07/health_the_wellcome_collection/img/12.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The USDA has recommended servings of different food groups for a healthy diet:<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmkoiSW00N8F4BITNUV-w8J9p8l-5MvcmZv20sSyq4-OvRghI-zIEmIHlF4z0Njy6Ejlettm8kXTapKB_SycSQXUSjsaI_x3eBhO7y91aI886ryE3Oe1u8JRUthBj6E1ykqe06L7MY7s/s1600-h/usda_pyramid.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAmkoiSW00N8F4BITNUV-w8J9p8l-5MvcmZv20sSyq4-OvRghI-zIEmIHlF4z0Njy6Ejlettm8kXTapKB_SycSQXUSjsaI_x3eBhO7y91aI886ryE3Oe1u8JRUthBj6E1ykqe06L7MY7s/s320/usda_pyramid.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181520416371568466" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >A nutrient is a component of food that performs a physiological function in the body. 3 types of nutrients:<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Carbohydrates-simple or complex sugars and starches</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Proteins-digested to amino acids which cells use to synthesize cellular proteins</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lipids-fats, oils and cholesterols</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwMPoEYVNj6WwWk2mj7KEDA0g8v4ftURzHNaPaCFQkryQocfn54OLTsv-5T63o4jfPOHlDgRLy1Bekdrfr4xoxf21u506p7GgXtTCG_YX_q1j6Yw7dLyqHhDiW_yjChxKTIboTNmP_v5c/s1600-h/eatmorechickenkyx7.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwMPoEYVNj6WwWk2mj7KEDA0g8v4ftURzHNaPaCFQkryQocfn54OLTsv-5T63o4jfPOHlDgRLy1Bekdrfr4xoxf21u506p7GgXtTCG_YX_q1j6Yw7dLyqHhDiW_yjChxKTIboTNmP_v5c/s320/eatmorechickenkyx7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181521898135285602" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://img58.imageshack.us/img58/120/eatmorechickenkyx7.jpg</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Minerals are divided into major and trace. The major minerals are constituents of cells and body fluids and are structural components of tissues. Trace minerals are parts of larger molecules.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtKVkfVCtzfUor8EdnlfJoXdpUgxa6ZlrETiDvbR5q5u5WalkduC_ERbnZxF-EOe6m6RmbhVu_z45pMzNQI62LycZM1DtTUxT0CtGjkM7iDtJ4JTg1XpAYKwV-PoQ15-sAFLXb72QTto/s1600-h/minerals.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqtKVkfVCtzfUor8EdnlfJoXdpUgxa6ZlrETiDvbR5q5u5WalkduC_ERbnZxF-EOe6m6RmbhVu_z45pMzNQI62LycZM1DtTUxT0CtGjkM7iDtJ4JTg1XpAYKwV-PoQ15-sAFLXb72QTto/s320/minerals.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181522288977309554" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.ifanca.org/images/graphics/minerals.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Vitamins are organic compounds (other than carbs, proteins, or fats) taht the body uses for metabolic purposes. Many vitamins are portions of coenzymes. Some vitamins are water soluable, some are fat soluable.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyWaeplFrWwSPduvuAEYwGbxafjd5XVb_89Gv_5OsmOp11pwKquWF6TiV5qvBhRQuTvY-pxJu0r-g5cq7mwzKkf6QC5PxcCYXRV26bMyDfXRmMFvjk-Ey9OfCiCvnEWGbtS0YVd10tKaU/s1600-h/vitamin-chart.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyWaeplFrWwSPduvuAEYwGbxafjd5XVb_89Gv_5OsmOp11pwKquWF6TiV5qvBhRQuTvY-pxJu0r-g5cq7mwzKkf6QC5PxcCYXRV26bMyDfXRmMFvjk-Ey9OfCiCvnEWGbtS0YVd10tKaU/s400/vitamin-chart.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181523130790899602" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><br />Eating disorders<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Anorexia Nervosa-severe psychological disorder characterized by an irrational fear of getting fat that results in refusal to maintain a healthy body weight</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKeMq2ZtndIZJst3SyEkfv3Suw9dAPxEhL0vkD_8l4izpUrgbCpCx41jjDmWxzjkjdl6CO0DOYIimkIxu7VLOkuLbpiUxv7hEVb2qMB7RciU_1qYveCGXBtzhueEHwdVdvDXb5soL6uA/s1600-h/skeleton7.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKeMq2ZtndIZJst3SyEkfv3Suw9dAPxEhL0vkD_8l4izpUrgbCpCx41jjDmWxzjkjdl6CO0DOYIimkIxu7VLOkuLbpiUxv7hEVb2qMB7RciU_1qYveCGXBtzhueEHwdVdvDXb5soL6uA/s320/skeleton7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181523865230307234" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://fathersforlife.org/images/skeleton7.jpg<br /></span><ul style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Bulimia Nervosa-a person binge eats then purges to avoid gaining weight. The cycle may occur several times a day.</span><br /></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioF36JV-EK-rDxP8WEbzPwMkqr6TtFsSn-Qw2KkwrWUtcSfeg-1c4d72fvOU018vu6uQvL6ukdQ7yK_8pIvyhezKbFNETyOSnWtgw_qaaAWRb_RhM0pWS4Q0FoupGHkSn3WGezA3X2SFY/s1600-h/bulimia+2b.bmp"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioF36JV-EK-rDxP8WEbzPwMkqr6TtFsSn-Qw2KkwrWUtcSfeg-1c4d72fvOU018vu6uQvL6ukdQ7yK_8pIvyhezKbFNETyOSnWtgw_qaaAWRb_RhM0pWS4Q0FoupGHkSn3WGezA3X2SFY/s320/bulimia+2b.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181525334109122482" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >http://www.arabicrecovery.com/images/articles/bulimia%202b.bmp</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Citations:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >Bulimia Nervosa. (2008) http://www.4women.gov/faq/Easyread/bulnervosa-etr.htm<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Mader, S. (2008) Digestive System and Nutrition. </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Human Biology 10th ed.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> (p 143-168) </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Your Digestive System. (2008) http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/</span><br /><br /><br /></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-20449281750840592572008-03-22T11:51:00.000-07:002008-03-24T19:01:36.786-07:00Compendium Review: The Body Internal Maintenance<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" >Table of Contents:</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br />Cardiovascular System: Blood</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Lymphatic System and Immunity </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">AIDS</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels<br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">The cardiovascular system consists of the heart (which pumps blood) and the blood vessels (through which the blood flows.)<br /></span></span><img style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /> <a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqo4KFewMivivXN054bm9S2bzAG3yrREPJDiwHRXcVDmlPBUxK1iYJr8BjN0O76pMXifaOBiI1qMdSA7O4EXPR3Q8wS4ZcIzBYIn6F_nU-7BUBMNYA1aC3sF4vUerj91tSdS1jDydW3OY/s1600-h/cvsys.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqo4KFewMivivXN054bm9S2bzAG3yrREPJDiwHRXcVDmlPBUxK1iYJr8BjN0O76pMXifaOBiI1qMdSA7O4EXPR3Q8wS4ZcIzBYIn6F_nU-7BUBMNYA1aC3sF4vUerj91tSdS1jDydW3OY/s320/cvsys.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180643697582336706" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BF321698-FDCA-443F-9D66-6E00F445CDAF/0/270f1.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The purpose of the circulatory system is to service the cells. Cells are bathed with tissue fluid. The blood exchanges substances with the tissue fluid and not with the cells directly. The blood removes waste from the tissue fluid but also brings oxygen and the nutrients the cells need to survive.<br /><br />The lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system because the lymphatic vessels collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system. Water collects in the tissues during the exchange of blood and tissue fluid. The water enters the lymphatic vessels which start in the tissues and end at the cardiovascular veins in the shoulder. As soon as fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph. Lymph is a fluid tissue as is blood.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDmLAmMk4KIMr_GGDA9OWR9kk6tRbjDhyphenhyphendrKpukXDs5EFUKIPcQQ8oegBEHuSC_IY_GwIhGLA8cUlj8R_WTL7V5I40teGT0Mg09t_lSCvi8kcG05Do77ASb-QZbip_fHIwlBHvEIVq_w/s1600-h/lymphsysjpg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDmLAmMk4KIMr_GGDA9OWR9kk6tRbjDhyphenhyphendrKpukXDs5EFUKIPcQQ8oegBEHuSC_IY_GwIhGLA8cUlj8R_WTL7V5I40teGT0Mg09t_lSCvi8kcG05Do77ASb-QZbip_fHIwlBHvEIVq_w/s320/lymphsysjpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180648117103684306" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.healingdaily.com/exercise/lymphatic-system-dependent-on-detoxification.jpg</span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span>There are 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Each has a specific and appropriate function.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Arteries:</span><br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Have 3 layers: inner (endolithium) , middle (smooth muscle and elastic tissue) and outer (connective tissue)<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Strong arterial walls support when the blood enters, elasticity allows for expansion</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Take oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues (except pulmonary artery)<br /></span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBDeYn639lfXjWcOz9mdQtxJ7jFhFnbGDQrvWAC2Yuz0AhvdDvqa8iVWZr91FlevZqVo-yrgPrTQLia3kMDYVSpQvdvGyvMciN3O7h4r1hgSxqo5zVWFc-LGmaYr-KP6C80B19gawzlrs/s1600-h/artery+1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBDeYn639lfXjWcOz9mdQtxJ7jFhFnbGDQrvWAC2Yuz0AhvdDvqa8iVWZr91FlevZqVo-yrgPrTQLia3kMDYVSpQvdvGyvMciN3O7h4r1hgSxqo5zVWFc-LGmaYr-KP6C80B19gawzlrs/s320/artery+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180653838000122594" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/Cambridge/entries/images/artery%201.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Veins:</span></span><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Have 3 layers with less smooth muscle in middle layer and less connective tissue in outer layer than an artery, thinner than an artery.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Have valves which allow blood flow only toward the heart, found in veins that carry blood against the force of gravity</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Act as a blood reservoir</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary vein)</span><br /></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy88rfGT6uMsvYCGpPdk7pIKlbvIy1Krl3Qls_-HVtYoVuAI0hI3bTOBRHtp8ahB5AuyOWDteIj4qtfSijqwOpE2xx2387fexKCczEGRNLIxMvJI0jdR4hLDUgK2BFAqaWiMyWGk9FRvY/s1600-h/ama_preventive_heartdiseaseandstroke_lev20_circulatorysystem-venous_01.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy88rfGT6uMsvYCGpPdk7pIKlbvIy1Krl3Qls_-HVtYoVuAI0hI3bTOBRHtp8ahB5AuyOWDteIj4qtfSijqwOpE2xx2387fexKCczEGRNLIxMvJI0jdR4hLDUgK2BFAqaWiMyWGk9FRvY/s320/ama_preventive_heartdiseaseandstroke_lev20_circulatorysystem-venous_01.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180656904606771954" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.medem.com/MEDEM/images/ama/ama_preventive_heartdiseaseandstroke_lev20_circulatorysystem-venous_01.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Capillaries:<br /></span><br />Aterioles (small arteries visible to the naked eye) branch into capillaries. A capillary is an extremely narrow, microscopic tube with a wall composed of endolithium and a basement membrane. Capillary beds (networks of capillaries) are present in all regions of the human body. Only certain capillaries are open at certain times. When a capillary bed is closed, the precapillary sphincter contracts, and the blood moves from the arteriole to the venule (small veins that drain blood from capillaries) by way of an arteriovenous shunt.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HyYQoZTPplUjfJxgqfLiHECugREDGAnqrzE5Kzp_MWcZ1X2Ipbiqhn9RqMk_7u0Q7zXi1J8WbM4iWYsJNw7nDMxMntCOI09kiBBpTMnfMkJxAf5A_gsb2Ml4MN6K7EvRAOsb8p8waKg/s1600-h/capillary.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HyYQoZTPplUjfJxgqfLiHECugREDGAnqrzE5Kzp_MWcZ1X2Ipbiqhn9RqMk_7u0Q7zXi1J8WbM4iWYsJNw7nDMxMntCOI09kiBBpTMnfMkJxAf5A_gsb2Ml4MN6K7EvRAOsb8p8waKg/s320/capillary.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180659709220416258" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/struc_geo/appalach/app09.jp</span><span style="font-size:78%;">g</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span><span>The heart is a cone-shaped, muscular organ located between the lungs, directly behind the sternum. The major portion of the heart s called the myocardium, which consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue. Myocardium is serviced by the coronary artery and cardiac vein, not by the blood it pumps. The muscle fibers of myocardium are branched and tightly joined by intercalated disks. The heart is surrounded by the pericardium: a thick, membranous sac that supports and protects the heart. The inside of the pericardium secretes a lubrication fluid and the pericardium slides smoothly over the surface as the heart pumps.<br /><br /></span></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9WZXE-E9AAcpPqOaWzvvbGwtXp3Y2NfGPyIpOkqjUsavM1uCd9BFvzw45BP_8E3_Ge_9AahneBc38T7CbOULFmRXuyu31RZurXahaWCCPQlBZeIynak5UMshcrmHJ7SbHsTwySo_8iQ8/s1600-h/heart.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9WZXE-E9AAcpPqOaWzvvbGwtXp3Y2NfGPyIpOkqjUsavM1uCd9BFvzw45BP_8E3_Ge_9AahneBc38T7CbOULFmRXuyu31RZurXahaWCCPQlBZeIynak5UMshcrmHJ7SbHsTwySo_8iQ8/s320/heart.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180663982712875810" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1097.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The septum separates the heart into a right and left side. The heart itself has 4 chambers: the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricles. Heart valves keep blood flowing in the right direction and prevent backward movement. The valves that lie between the atria and the ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. One is a tricuspid valve (hence the name) and the other is the mitral valve (named for resemblance to a mitre.) They are supported by strong, fibrous strings called the chordae tendineae. The chordae are attached to the muscular projections of the ventricular walls (papillary muscle) which support the valves and prevent them from inverting when the heart contracts. The other two valves are the semilunar valves that lie between the ventricles and their attached vessels. The semilunar valves are named for their attached vessels: the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCX5AEFmF7oyj7JGdtT65XBs7vyydZY7GgkxgA2SB1HHl1Oy1pMtXToNAyb9end7RJN8sCRySCiwqkbBED1GQLo34EVavLDdRHvkhyfK1fF1s4VU6NX61ThoY-WaK0049f3VWYDm4q1YQ/s1600-h/valve.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCX5AEFmF7oyj7JGdtT65XBs7vyydZY7GgkxgA2SB1HHl1Oy1pMtXToNAyb9end7RJN8sCRySCiwqkbBED1GQLo34EVavLDdRHvkhyfK1fF1s4VU6NX61ThoY-WaK0049f3VWYDm4q1YQ/s320/valve.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180668732946705202" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9380.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br />Although the presence of intercalated disks allows both the atria and the ventricles to contract simultaneously, we can trace the passage of blood through the heart as follows:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava which carry O2 poor blood enter the right atrium</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The right atrium sends blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The right ventricle sends blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, which carries O2 poor blood, divides into 2 pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">4 pulmonary veins which carry O2 rich blood enter the left atrium</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The left atrium sends blood through the the mitral valve to the left ventricle</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta to the body proper</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOxJ5LJxz3_EGM_0uJQc3KNMwi0ybUrMrbzNyw1nk7KqIank-Ga8BHbguAyi_-GPXL9hxcvGjkdN8CXzj-dtmWVVFAv80D0g7Db9HSPAuQRIWY00cwiqxEDnbhKjGocGdeLKP55pPwOOo/s1600-h/heart-diseases1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOxJ5LJxz3_EGM_0uJQc3KNMwi0ybUrMrbzNyw1nk7KqIank-Ga8BHbguAyi_-GPXL9hxcvGjkdN8CXzj-dtmWVVFAv80D0g7Db9HSPAuQRIWY00cwiqxEDnbhKjGocGdeLKP55pPwOOo/s320/heart-diseases1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5180662861726411538" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.medicalook.com/diseases_images/heart-diseases1.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />Each heartbeat is controlled by a cardiac cycle. When the heart beats, the two atria contract at the same time, then the two ventricles contract at the same time. Then all chambers relax. Systole (the working phase) refers to the contraction of the chambers. Diastole (the resting phase) refers to the relaxation of the chambers. The normal adult heart rate is between 60-80 beats per minute.<br /><br />The sounds of a heart beat are centered around the closing of the valves. The "lub" sound occurs when the increasing pressure forces the cusps of the AV valve to slam shut. The "dup" sound occurs when the ventricles relax and the blood in the arteries pushes back, closing the semilunar valves.'' A heart murmur is often due to ineffective valves. There is a distinctive swishing sound after the "lub." Faulty heart valves can usually be surgically corrected.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAy8HqD2AcII7L8p9VZEy4HrbRwS1Vsjv63hV29Vk3w5m7F_Fqg0d0AnF4kLtuBDB4GQHab6ZsUSdl4NxDONK9i5X1fYT7JiBJB8Lpxw4CNKvcEk6PWSC52Xw8dS3vLSUSj_AJsKsBtwc/s1600-h/heart-beat-picture.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAy8HqD2AcII7L8p9VZEy4HrbRwS1Vsjv63hV29Vk3w5m7F_Fqg0d0AnF4kLtuBDB4GQHab6ZsUSdl4NxDONK9i5X1fYT7JiBJB8Lpxw4CNKvcEk6PWSC52Xw8dS3vLSUSj_AJsKsBtwc/s320/heart-beat-picture.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181004809842649922" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/heart-beat-picture.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >The rhythmical contraction of the atria and ventricles is due to the internal conduction system of the heart. Nodal tissue (has both muscular and nervous characteristics) is a unique type of cardiac muscle located in 2 regions of the heart. The SA (sinoatrial) node is located in the upper dorsal wall of the right atrium; the AV (atrioventricular) node is located in the base of the right atrium near the septum. The SA node initiates the heartbeat and sends out an excitation impulse every 0.85 seconds; this causes the atria to contract. When impulses reach the AV node, there is a slight delay that allows the atria to finish their contraction before the ventricles begin their contraction. The signal for the ventricles to contract travels from the AV node throught the 2 branches of the AV bundle before reaching the numerous and smaller Purkinje fibers. The AV bundle, its branches, and the Purkinje fibers work efficiently because gap junctions at intercalated disks allow electrical current to flow from cell to cell.<br /><br />The SA node is called the pacemaker because it usually keeps the heartbeat regular. If it fails to work properly, the heart still beats due to impulses generated by the AV node, but it will beat slower. An artificial pacemaker is implanted to correct this condition.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dt7CvnRCwsZtkzcM7N0e-xdhvmdrLrquvZVmf0wqucQU1eRS8v3qybzdT2hwR0ZNS0MnZ-MJarenlZ4VFx9clVBd9FMWM3pd1jkdqwa_7XvK1gvM4IRjFREDNgwb1aMLJDNuLgJlXuM/s1600-h/19566.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1dt7CvnRCwsZtkzcM7N0e-xdhvmdrLrquvZVmf0wqucQU1eRS8v3qybzdT2hwR0ZNS0MnZ-MJarenlZ4VFx9clVBd9FMWM3pd1jkdqwa_7XvK1gvM4IRjFREDNgwb1aMLJDNuLgJlXuM/s320/19566.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181006227181857618" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19566.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />The body also has an external way to regulate heartbeat. The cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata, a portion of the brain that controls internal organs, can alter the heartbeat by way of the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine can also stimulate the heart.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguNvHadsa-GJGpOGYu94vWaL6Uvt2fR57-5MRVEX3XElibe76onMrq-TCkQn_3fr-UAs7iGaxcy-eTReuxA5pGawO6I3LRtF-TqvpiXfLF9qegiFUBreTFl2vRZlVyu_4xzh1Yx7v-7E0/s1600-h/Medulla_Oblongata.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguNvHadsa-GJGpOGYu94vWaL6Uvt2fR57-5MRVEX3XElibe76onMrq-TCkQn_3fr-UAs7iGaxcy-eTReuxA5pGawO6I3LRtF-TqvpiXfLF9qegiFUBreTFl2vRZlVyu_4xzh1Yx7v-7E0/s320/Medulla_Oblongata.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181008039658056546" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Medulla_Oblongata.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle. Body fluids contain ions that conduct electric currents and electrical changes in the myocardium can be detected on the skin's surface. When an ECG is taken, electrodes placed on the skin are connected by wires to an instrument that detect myocardium electrical changes. Various types of abnormalities can be detected by an ECG. Ventricular fibrillation</span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"> is an uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles and can be caused by injury or drug overdose. Defibrillation may help the SA node reestablish a coordinated beat.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuIk5wM51rPpaVncFzNpZTAVaKeLorx1OWyzfD5afPZwtR9UKHx_j_i4ZRmO07Bp_mHUUzPBa6R4CJpjt3HT-bHiSbJ3kEiKI4KPQX8FS23K3Rmo6zBFuGLvfM9BuO2cRQz4bzAK8gkXQ/s1600-h/1135.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuIk5wM51rPpaVncFzNpZTAVaKeLorx1OWyzfD5afPZwtR9UKHx_j_i4ZRmO07Bp_mHUUzPBa6R4CJpjt3HT-bHiSbJ3kEiKI4KPQX8FS23K3Rmo6zBFuGLvfM9BuO2cRQz4bzAK8gkXQ/s320/1135.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181009834954386290" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/1135.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Pulse rate equals heart rate. The surge of blood entering the arteries causes their elastic walls to stretch, then immediately recoil. This rhythmic expansion and recoil of an arterial wall can be felt as a pulse in any artery that runs close to the body's surface. Pulse is normally taken in the radial artery, but can be taken in the brachial or carotid if necessary. Use your fingers and not your thumb, the thumb has its own pulse.<br /><br /></span></span><img style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" /><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwHAKmM7LaYr9_DWoAmHmdlJ7f5o_LUyrXs4bIY23waCsvi0ZYV6ShCnPmNNTNhWK4rQXvC1iZKkcNvFdXPe4O5cU3NpjPIl6_AqFRFumCfVr_qosiGkaO7Fd5L2vy_RYFtXCu4_z7J0/s1600-h/pulse1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFwHAKmM7LaYr9_DWoAmHmdlJ7f5o_LUyrXs4bIY23waCsvi0ZYV6ShCnPmNNTNhWK4rQXvC1iZKkcNvFdXPe4O5cU3NpjPIl6_AqFRFumCfVr_qosiGkaO7Fd5L2vy_RYFtXCu4_z7J0/s320/pulse1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181011522876533634" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/PSP/eLabs/pulse1.gif<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel. A sphygmomanometer (blood pressure instrument) is used to measure blood pressure in the brachial artery. The highest arterial pressure (systolic) occurs during ejection of blood from the heart. The lowest arterial pressure (diastolic) occurs while the ventricles are relaxing.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEissPoFsDP15ictT_5SLUEle6V6eEYe1ypQBFdQUN-Q4af6SQjHNs0rFN0KzT7EfJMW7Bh_sx4nJWZvjFJ3X-r9b3y4qMaAVz3M2CtDM2bhViS3okfA_ZBEHCeDpA-sUWRVwbiu-Bf6kt0/s1600-h/166404055_3a32887233.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEissPoFsDP15ictT_5SLUEle6V6eEYe1ypQBFdQUN-Q4af6SQjHNs0rFN0KzT7EfJMW7Bh_sx4nJWZvjFJ3X-r9b3y4qMaAVz3M2CtDM2bhViS3okfA_ZBEHCeDpA-sUWRVwbiu-Bf6kt0/s320/166404055_3a32887233.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181013416957111202" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://static.flickr.com/63/166404055_3a32887233.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">The sounds you hear while taking blood pressure are called Korotkoff sounds, named after Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff, a Russian doctor who discovered them.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_mwKGhayzqzoelSrAbzzNWAp4BYx2kbjZpKafmkOc0dsJ_HNHTXzSYolbR7OwKGw1RME4mEDmmzUSRJWDGfaaP3eKo9XMs9uWXbSx1NiqnG638Vn9RLYVajNRtuwPezJ3_EwkTUVLCcY/s1600-h/bp_reading1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_mwKGhayzqzoelSrAbzzNWAp4BYx2kbjZpKafmkOc0dsJ_HNHTXzSYolbR7OwKGw1RME4mEDmmzUSRJWDGfaaP3eKo9XMs9uWXbSx1NiqnG638Vn9RLYVajNRtuwPezJ3_EwkTUVLCcY/s320/bp_reading1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181013051884891026" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/119/images/bp_reading1.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood flow is slow in the capillaries. The slow progress allows time for exchange of substances between bloood and tissue. Blood pressure is minimal in the venous system, even so, velocity of flow increases in veins. Venous return is dependent on 3 factors: The skeletal muscle pump (dependent on skeletal muscle contraction) compresses the weak venous walls and cause the blood to move past a valve. Once past the valve the blood cannot return. A respiratory pump (dependent upon breathing) works as we inhale the chest expands which reduces pressure in the thoracic cavity. Blood flows from the higher pressure to the lower pressure. When we exhale, the process reverses, but the valves prevent backward flow.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxv_BbNVKCJ5Qg1tnckB_94OX7ciPWdPUFglrDYbCKN4Bt00HIctx5xU7ZfHI3MJQkGYa52fYxnoXhVkTYhwwX3DnFE8En50g0GEwoL_ElKQox935FB_gZgJxBbsKO0vtrA9GZGnGJQow/s1600-h/page6.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxv_BbNVKCJ5Qg1tnckB_94OX7ciPWdPUFglrDYbCKN4Bt00HIctx5xU7ZfHI3MJQkGYa52fYxnoXhVkTYhwwX3DnFE8En50g0GEwoL_ElKQox935FB_gZgJxBbsKO0vtrA9GZGnGJQow/s320/page6.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181016578053041074" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section3/3ch10/3c10img/page6.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood flows in 2 circuits: the pulmonary circuit, which circulates blood through the lungs, and the systemic circuit, which serves the needs of the body tissues. Both are necessary for homeostasis.<br /><br />The pulmonary and systemic circuit:<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUPKQKe0KP5RRgKGuBlCOP5nwZWjd9V9S_OHYR3kg8wEpuld5zfzTl-2bM5F8U8WW0WT-JbiyMB4Bb1fVMNAcTWaOcUlr2A92KLJLni60E14GOSqMtHzVClk7VtghootV1MWbKhNqFJA/s1600-h/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaUPKQKe0KP5RRgKGuBlCOP5nwZWjd9V9S_OHYR3kg8wEpuld5zfzTl-2bM5F8U8WW0WT-JbiyMB4Bb1fVMNAcTWaOcUlr2A92KLJLni60E14GOSqMtHzVClk7VtghootV1MWbKhNqFJA/s320/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181018021162052546" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">The coronary arteries serve the heart muscle itself. The coronary arteries are the first branches off the aorta. They originate just above the aortic semilunar valve and lie on the exterior surface of the heart.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0Lxq8e3oqxdgEeewoluFbuBQ0MFn5k69_jwvRoaGJic4yytRqFmjPpzYZ4rGS9ADtTKPdaxWBTljiVTcI5Omowp75NZc4r1PDvpu6KCYD1kL_RBomFwI8RTaBHK_-9J4wdk4767qSq4/s1600-h/coronill.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0Lxq8e3oqxdgEeewoluFbuBQ0MFn5k69_jwvRoaGJic4yytRqFmjPpzYZ4rGS9ADtTKPdaxWBTljiVTcI5Omowp75NZc4r1PDvpu6KCYD1kL_RBomFwI8RTaBHK_-9J4wdk4767qSq4/s320/coronill.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181020851545500658" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Anatomy/images/coronill.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The hepatic portal vein takes blood from the capillary bed of the digestive tract to a capillary bed in the liver. The blood in the hepatic portal vein is O2 poor, but rich in glucose and amino acids. The hepatic vein leaves the liver and enters in the inferior vena cava.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkIwz4s1udAop97pWQ1wUif8xtj9YFLYAAaeC4iFemJ6aHwHESQMnHZKEgPHpAqU3uHPjCpCYwZLWM3miUrRLLev1Y8jkAHj9OviphqEuR656tI4_Ef6VBIjgA-0oO5fILlLbAzFQe84/s1600-h/tipspost.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkIwz4s1udAop97pWQ1wUif8xtj9YFLYAAaeC4iFemJ6aHwHESQMnHZKEgPHpAqU3uHPjCpCYwZLWM3miUrRLLev1Y8jkAHj9OviphqEuR656tI4_Ef6VBIjgA-0oO5fILlLbAzFQe84/s320/tipspost.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181022586712288258" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/pictures/tipspost.gif<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Capillary exchange occurs by either blood pressure or osmotic pressure. At the arterial end, blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is created by the presence of salts and the plasma proteins. At the venous end, osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL01ITE2BXMcKE218vJvQyNwjUD_ZGcHuRAKqdW6FI4RmLoZ7-3TyGAAKXXr3pizeo-oIEJG2ELEiFKYLa0M0bkLXnhTxvHSX_W-Ob4_BS8aQhHQ758rZs3XcyzAAD1GHDVoTWCXWuTZ4/s1600-h/CTFEx.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL01ITE2BXMcKE218vJvQyNwjUD_ZGcHuRAKqdW6FI4RmLoZ7-3TyGAAKXXr3pizeo-oIEJG2ELEiFKYLa0M0bkLXnhTxvHSX_W-Ob4_BS8aQhHQ758rZs3XcyzAAD1GHDVoTWCXWuTZ4/s320/CTFEx.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181026168715013138" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit9/U09L08/CTFEx.gif<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of untimely death in the Western countries. Research has proved effective in improved diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some common cardiovascular diseases are:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hypertension- high blood pressure</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Aneurysm- burst blood vessel</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Atherosclerosis- accumulation of soft fatty materials, like cholesterol, beneath the artery inner linings</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Thrombus- a stationary plaque clot</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Embolus- moving plaque clot</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Thromboembolism- a clot that has moved and is now stationary</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Stroke (CVA)- small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Heart attack- portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of O2</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Angina pectoris- partially blocked coronary artery with radiating pain</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqUY6Azlg2qBtGuyULe7dwIup_OQyeR6Bame1gk0C8U_nOgX-hjZy6OIYjus39IcN8SNTGP5aZug97blSYz73_RVS7YTrQadp4TJwPbUTvKHVipJQY_iV8UfPtA2gyAaWa_A0AF9Bx48/s1600-h/engineerheartlg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGqUY6Azlg2qBtGuyULe7dwIup_OQyeR6Bame1gk0C8U_nOgX-hjZy6OIYjus39IcN8SNTGP5aZug97blSYz73_RVS7YTrQadp4TJwPbUTvKHVipJQY_iV8UfPtA2gyAaWa_A0AF9Bx48/s320/engineerheartlg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181029978351004706" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/images/engineerheartlg.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">When a person has heart failure, the heart no longer pumps as it should. Heart failure is a growing problem. Often the heart is oversized because it is sagging and swollen. Sometimes a failing heart can have an abnormal rhythm and a cardioverter-defibrillator is implanted. Heart transplants are generally successful. Unfortunately, there are more patients that need hearts than donors. A left ventricular assist device is an alternative to a heart transplant. It is implanted in the abdomen and a tube passes blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. A few patients have received a total artificial heart. All recipients have been near death and have not survived very long. Hopefully technology will continue to improve.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50AN-t2sV8ZV882gvs-_3knFmX6AH2DwAQoqmqrXxGm_dHl7v3BLXzczor2Yn5SVXwNRdBmOOG8Xh-No3nTmm80Ld1xQCAnNprfltXQlMnTMB1qPnK-ohjOWSerXTZhALVcbtzt5e5Z4/s1600-h/heartsurg.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj50AN-t2sV8ZV882gvs-_3knFmX6AH2DwAQoqmqrXxGm_dHl7v3BLXzczor2Yn5SVXwNRdBmOOG8Xh-No3nTmm80Ld1xQCAnNprfltXQlMnTMB1qPnK-ohjOWSerXTZhALVcbtzt5e5Z4/s320/heartsurg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181035501678947378" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/nic/055/heart.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Cardiovascular System: Blood<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;">The human body contains about 5 liters of blood and the heart pumps this amount in every beat. The functions of the blood fall into 3 categories: transport, defense, and regulation.<br /></span></span></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood is the primary transport medium-delivers O2 from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to the tissue where an exchange takes place. It picks up CO2 and wastes from the tissues to exchange surfaces in the lungs and kidneys.<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens-certain blood cells are capable of phagocytizing and destroying pathogens and others secrete antibodies in the blood.<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood has regulatory functions-helps regulate body temperature by picking up heat. The salts and plasma proteins in blood act to keep the liquid content of blood high. Blood contains buffers that stabilize blood pH.</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2tKYfjS42ouTYtkBxqQjMX7gnl6JyD5rOZCo6FbrvZhDf-O45iQyNkB-iltStwSticcV823-R1kDsZre4kvSXmz_VL-D30opDwrLNIpOWiw_a-y-q4HcWRFhy-h7_S5Og4oOcziE5mB0/s1600-h/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2tKYfjS42ouTYtkBxqQjMX7gnl6JyD5rOZCo6FbrvZhDf-O45iQyNkB-iltStwSticcV823-R1kDsZre4kvSXmz_VL-D30opDwrLNIpOWiw_a-y-q4HcWRFhy-h7_S5Og4oOcziE5mB0/s320/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181064088981269570" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://training.seer.cancer.gov/ss_module08_lymph_leuk/images/illu_blood_cell_lineage.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Blood is a tissue and contains cells and cell fragments. Collectively, the cell and cell fragments are called the formed elements. They are suspended in a liquid called plasma. Blood is classified as a liquid tissue.<br /><br />The formed elements are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They are produced in red bone marrow, which occurs in most bones of a child, but only certain bones of an adult. Red bone marrow contains stem cells, which divide and give rise to the various types of blood cells. Stem cells are of interest since they can be coaxed into becoming different cells that may cure diseases.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSs86SM1KIIPnR99G0j3Zjjbhm6wUxOg-0Gi42ChuLUs8jaVp2HnOSG4d8YryIueDQjlkxYmcGKR0a7Fw5vHjTzYkbyJFjNElhdrPbpFSBuyoVyOoduPSxd2EzJWNeulW0HyHdUBjB1Xk/s1600-h/artificial-blood-1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSs86SM1KIIPnR99G0j3Zjjbhm6wUxOg-0Gi42ChuLUs8jaVp2HnOSG4d8YryIueDQjlkxYmcGKR0a7Fw5vHjTzYkbyJFjNElhdrPbpFSBuyoVyOoduPSxd2EzJWNeulW0HyHdUBjB1Xk/s320/artificial-blood-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181065742543678546" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/artificial-blood-1.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Plasma is the liquid medium for carrying the various substances in the blood. It also distributes heat generated as a byproduct of metabolism . About 91% of plasma is water, the remaining 9% consists of various salts and organic molecules.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_SilMME_mmevDp3lMDe8CNLO4EfR3geDBRerIujU8t8vOHrwdDx8pVnD5vNtyviPHEwqGuncW7GY0KmbPG6c5OdSToEm0i1TA2CsHXUguorukHfEed9iy8822cjLzqd27O9IjMEtZvPU/s1600-h/plasma.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_SilMME_mmevDp3lMDe8CNLO4EfR3geDBRerIujU8t8vOHrwdDx8pVnD5vNtyviPHEwqGuncW7GY0KmbPG6c5OdSToEm0i1TA2CsHXUguorukHfEed9iy8822cjLzqd27O9IjMEtZvPU/s320/plasma.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181069887187119202" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/435/plasma.gif<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />The most abundant organic molecules in blood are the plasma proteins. Plasma proteins take up and release hydrogen ions, regulating the blood pH to about 7.4. Plasma proteins are too large to pass through capillary walls; they remain in the blood and establish an osmotic gradient between blood and tissue fluid. There are 3 major types of plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumins contribute most to plasma's osmotic pressure and combine with and help transport other organic molecules. Globulins are of 3 types: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha and beta combine with and help transport substances in the blood. Gamma globulins are important in fighting disease. Fibrinogen is a plasma protein that is active in the formation of blood clots.</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are small biconcave disks that lack a nucleus when mature. Red blood cells (RBCs) are highly specialized for O2 transport. They lack a nucleus and contain many copies of hemoglobin (Hb.) </span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHgbwoSRjiqM1baUEqrD0Vf1Yvm7Ro50uBIsLZCs7a1bA2z4dfx8fP0-PpoFJaoUqlkia6yJNAxuzbWJw2mOjPr6wO4j89hrsrInA2S0QNWqTy2Q7MBvC_4AqdTe2BzibNXCnrN4atCM/s1600-h/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHgbwoSRjiqM1baUEqrD0Vf1Yvm7Ro50uBIsLZCs7a1bA2z4dfx8fP0-PpoFJaoUqlkia6yJNAxuzbWJw2mOjPr6wO4j89hrsrInA2S0QNWqTy2Q7MBvC_4AqdTe2BzibNXCnrN4atCM/s320/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181075947385973890" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://science.uwe.ac.uk/research/uploads/CRIB_blood_cells.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Hemoglobin is a pigment that makes red blood cells and blood a red color. The globin is a protein that contains 4 highly folded polypeptide chains. </span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">The heme is an iron-containing group in the center of each polypeptide chain. The iron combines reversible with O2.</span></span> <a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_NCBrBu9rIkNV-ChCdWbkabEvfK1AGKTna6zXJDv9rJft44Vw36mrKTcZlOVNRDuQM3z8oONijjR8qJmzzvO7qblIjgHiU29FvfMelW_Q3Q9WKnHCVHnCQ2CV58EsMsFxT86lHE_-Ak/s1600-h/HemoglobinMOM.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY_NCBrBu9rIkNV-ChCdWbkabEvfK1AGKTna6zXJDv9rJft44Vw36mrKTcZlOVNRDuQM3z8oONijjR8qJmzzvO7qblIjgHiU29FvfMelW_Q3Q9WKnHCVHnCQ2CV58EsMsFxT86lHE_-Ak/s320/HemoglobinMOM.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181074770564934770" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://chemistry.ewu.edu/jcorkill/biochem/HemoglobinMOM.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">After blood picks up CO2 in the tissues, about 7% is dissolved in plasma. Hemoglobin directly transports about 25% of CO2. The rest of the CO2 is transported as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma. CO2 moves into RBCs where carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction. The bicarbonate ion diffuses out of RBCs to carried in the plasma. The H+ binds to amino acids of the globin portion of Hb.<br /><br />The RBC stem cell in the bone marrow divides and produces new cells that differentiate into mature RBCs. As red blood cells mature they lose their nucleus and acquire hemoglobin. Red blood cells live only 120 days. It is estimated the 2 million RBCs are destroyed per second and an equal number must be produced to keep the red blood cell count in balance. When red blood cells break down, hemoglogin is released. The globin portion is recycled by the body. The iron is recovered and returned to the bone marrow for reuse. The heme portion degrades and is excreted by the liver. Chemical breakdown in the heme causes a bruise to change color from red/purple to blue to green to yellow.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepo_mZkTQwQwjwdMAsQnyxxhLBKf3weFQ1nUhgLTzSsts7jazP1kiPJy-kRjXtCACWYor1kGMF_Ge5CJYFR6n46tWRHqiXz5fgfCEKoiMEWyU45tAhdMBAj8dNe7PsRmhltpzc1b7GWw/s1600-h/red_blood_cell_8.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepo_mZkTQwQwjwdMAsQnyxxhLBKf3weFQ1nUhgLTzSsts7jazP1kiPJy-kRjXtCACWYor1kGMF_Ge5CJYFR6n46tWRHqiXz5fgfCEKoiMEWyU45tAhdMBAj8dNe7PsRmhltpzc1b7GWw/s320/red_blood_cell_8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181099097259699346" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.harunyahya.com/books/science/blood_heart/images/red_blood_cell_8.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Red blood cell disorders:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Anemia-insufficient number or red blood cells or the cells do not have enough hemoglobin</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hemolysis- rupturing of red blood cells</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Sickle Cell Anemia- a hereditary condition which the individual cell has a sickle shape and ruptures as it passes through capillaries<br /></span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUQepua091BlriTBGGxddYZ8LABTw6_ddphz2UP-deB75SWaQDNBi2BgbhnxaWAQY5k29s0ML7LPCf3Ljo_N14122KKz1bmsCGs8rHdxux_3LdHVEkJkCoRmszEZ2zoQgRE6F6Zr_g-hI/s1600-h/uchr_01_img0026.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUQepua091BlriTBGGxddYZ8LABTw6_ddphz2UP-deB75SWaQDNBi2BgbhnxaWAQY5k29s0ML7LPCf3Ljo_N14122KKz1bmsCGs8rHdxux_3LdHVEkJkCoRmszEZ2zoQgRE6F6Zr_g-hI/s320/uchr_01_img0026.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181101137369164962" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_01_img0026.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">White blood cells (leukocytes) differ from red blood cells in that they are larger, have a nucleus, lack hemoglobin, and are translucent unless stained. White blood cells are not as numerous as red blood cells. There are several types of white blood cells and the production of each is regulated by a protein called a colony-stimulating factor (CSF.)</span></span><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;" ><br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipwg1k_q0n-ww3GQdM89AecuENuv0YlEItTlGu0uugkXXOZBKZDswDfiJRZpF0AGrwSfFYhXAFLEYHNC4_rb0ZzLd7JedQXvxFPH5ieoQdYIXRQCp8xtQ7_Vu_-Z0_DEnPm-npKjrB8uk/s1600-h/9123.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipwg1k_q0n-ww3GQdM89AecuENuv0YlEItTlGu0uugkXXOZBKZDswDfiJRZpF0AGrwSfFYhXAFLEYHNC4_rb0ZzLd7JedQXvxFPH5ieoQdYIXRQCp8xtQ7_Vu_-Z0_DEnPm-npKjrB8uk/s320/9123.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181108924144872626" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/9123.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">White blood cells fight infection and are an important part of the immune system. Many white blood cells die within a few days, some live for months or even years. White blood cells fight infection in various ways. During phagocytosis, a projection from the cell surrounds a pathogen and literally engulfs it. Other white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJpZUkFErYfAIiiwwnTnpnkv_OJroM04PYPeVr6yAVLp1vmCzfPJaKjwJo8yu00uNz9EfwzeelgORyWnaKJ1cwf2vHOC_8hsyMMxNf5MW7Wva8uHxojd0Stsbl-WOEkRvapfdNsMyZhy0/s1600-h/phagocytosis.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJpZUkFErYfAIiiwwnTnpnkv_OJroM04PYPeVr6yAVLp1vmCzfPJaKjwJo8yu00uNz9EfwzeelgORyWnaKJ1cwf2vHOC_8hsyMMxNf5MW7Wva8uHxojd0Stsbl-WOEkRvapfdNsMyZhy0/s320/phagocytosis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181110577707281602" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://scienceroll.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/phagocytosis.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Granular leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.<br /><br />Neutrophils account for 50-70% of all white blood cells. They have a multilobed nucleus and are called polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Neutriphils are the first responders to bacterial infection and their intense phagocytic activity is essential to destroying pathogens. Neutrophils are like vacuum cleaners because they suck up unwanted substances.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3vdlJ0xoVDc8C0QwlI43DGs3Jk2AZKrmdbcMNvSLp3SccxNz3JFpR6onF4So38dRh3wczL8a6UoVjKkQkpKwPfKc61Gg8bpqJ9ya7uJ_WtcUJMPQKFKVGcGiSM3DpHt_HCr9HtiddwzU/s1600-h/neutrophil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3vdlJ0xoVDc8C0QwlI43DGs3Jk2AZKrmdbcMNvSLp3SccxNz3JFpR6onF4So38dRh3wczL8a6UoVjKkQkpKwPfKc61Gg8bpqJ9ya7uJ_WtcUJMPQKFKVGcGiSM3DpHt_HCr9HtiddwzU/s320/neutrophil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181112639291583698" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.chronicprostatitis.com/images/neutrophil.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus and their large abundant granules take up eosin and become a red color. Not much is known about eosinophils except they increase in number in the event of a parasitic worm or allergic reaction.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnbF_vTezA63nZVd9YaNfcaI_TPbx5BQq1G0cjCUCxWdM-DioPMd6UPQOwPsyxVYC7vUagfFNIZN0XdbGelicJ1jyS7OXT7swCTdlf7teRmqMJG4ZzQG03y18oKUC_HijxbDgRamkN9LQ/s1600-h/eosinophil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnbF_vTezA63nZVd9YaNfcaI_TPbx5BQq1G0cjCUCxWdM-DioPMd6UPQOwPsyxVYC7vUagfFNIZN0XdbGelicJ1jyS7OXT7swCTdlf7teRmqMJG4ZzQG03y18oKUC_HijxbDgRamkN9LQ/s320/eosinophil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181114009386151138" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://192.107.108.56/portfolios/b/bess_n/bessthesisproject/eosinophil.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Basophils have a U-shaped or lobed nucleus. In the connective tissue, basophils and mast cells release histamines associated with allergic reactions. Histamines dilate blood vessels, but constrict air tubes that lead to the lungs.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMggDPwdAsjDlWWHPdy6vRHlnHPET_quax2RkqeqTvSHaNuhMVqIRToI4NwFxf5VkHW5ElUruNymFVWls5mg0RMrieM2EH-9J3HJ9BcLDMsQOI2fXDED_IL_56x61Z-2GLrxem8DDINPk/s1600-h/blood_10.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMggDPwdAsjDlWWHPdy6vRHlnHPET_quax2RkqeqTvSHaNuhMVqIRToI4NwFxf5VkHW5ElUruNymFVWls5mg0RMrieM2EH-9J3HJ9BcLDMsQOI2fXDED_IL_56x61Z-2GLrxem8DDINPk/s320/blood_10.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181114984343727346" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/blood/blood_10.gif<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Agranular leukocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.<br /><br />Leukocytes account for 25-35% of all white blood cells. They are responsible for specific immunity to particular pathogens and thier toxins. There are 2 types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells and their descendants produce antibodies. Some T cells directly destroy pathogens.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiY-hYme5zdcjsICAJmfiHsSHPnAiu_x_krBFPHPAGUSyDyhCd7skhP9rGFO7j1nbXisJauQ2sYWGXmFVyePOrJSi-BcdFo6yljq4ChEruX8CVObl1Ded3SB_pmloGnfrYyHxonhTzTeY/s1600-h/GP2091.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiY-hYme5zdcjsICAJmfiHsSHPnAiu_x_krBFPHPAGUSyDyhCd7skhP9rGFO7j1nbXisJauQ2sYWGXmFVyePOrJSi-BcdFo6yljq4ChEruX8CVObl1Ded3SB_pmloGnfrYyHxonhTzTeY/s320/GP2091.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181117007273323778" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2091.jpg</span> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />Monocytes are the largest of the white blood cells and after taking up residence in the tissues, they differentiate into even larger macrophages except in the skin where they become dendritic cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells stimulate other white blood cells to defend the body.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTODjOPHZFOHFYEHk3kVQsD3n_CQyE-9w9p3DuKLNWSBxUWtjMG5bPbxTn6Fcp5rwAuFA6GmH7ieL3lHjN_ZeQuCvmEnRwRinsyUkqKfzCykCcchsICxpMiGz5Em6wHGSVY0B9k3SRYI/s1600-h/GP2008.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTODjOPHZFOHFYEHk3kVQsD3n_CQyE-9w9p3DuKLNWSBxUWtjMG5bPbxTn6Fcp5rwAuFA6GmH7ieL3lHjN_ZeQuCvmEnRwRinsyUkqKfzCykCcchsICxpMiGz5Em6wHGSVY0B9k3SRYI/s320/GP2008.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181118312943381778" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2008.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Disorders involving white blood cells:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)- stem cells of white blood cells lack the enzyme adenosine deaminase</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Leukemia- a group of cancerous conditions that involve uncontrolled white blood cell proliferation</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)- infection of the lymphocytes, the cause of infectious mononucleosis</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-jrN5kPboEPZIqOOtg8sdcfL7Wof_pYFnmhCKco5abu8_MsYmRFG9WLPyW_9G0W4Ho3qBykn5Fqq7ckafQ55QDM63QfY5G_EF6O6lso94TA8iw5EMxUUpQstDj6-RHo3VA_eTw9qXtgU/s1600-h/t-cell2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-jrN5kPboEPZIqOOtg8sdcfL7Wof_pYFnmhCKco5abu8_MsYmRFG9WLPyW_9G0W4Ho3qBykn5Fqq7ckafQ55QDM63QfY5G_EF6O6lso94TA8iw5EMxUUpQstDj6-RHo3VA_eTw9qXtgU/s320/t-cell2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181119644383243554" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/~sklcrs/t-cell2.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Platelets (thrombocytes) result from fragmentation of certain large cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow. Platelets are produced at the rate of 200 billion per day. They are formed elements that are involved in the process of blood clotting (coagulation.) Also involved in clotting are the plasma proteins prothrombin and fibrinogen.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4t6QM625h055SFbiG0zOfRAL7UHy6KPS5afaxI-rFaj3ci-fyRw4f9eNK33ca2T4Q11AcpU9jjiAeftXlFvkG2UnJU1npmXOZ95DdW24Br8bh0RQxx0pvCAD-oN8DIiBj_-mg_83C6o/s1600-h/GP2076.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4t6QM625h055SFbiG0zOfRAL7UHy6KPS5afaxI-rFaj3ci-fyRw4f9eNK33ca2T4Q11AcpU9jjiAeftXlFvkG2UnJU1npmXOZ95DdW24Br8bh0RQxx0pvCAD-oN8DIiBj_-mg_83C6o/s320/GP2076.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181120915693563186" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2076.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets clump together at the site of the puncture and seal the break if it is not too extensive. A large break may require a blood clot to stop the bleeding. At least 12 clotting factors participate in the formation of a blood clot. Clot formation is initiated when platelets and damaged tissues release prothrombin activator which converts plasma protein prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin acts as an enzyme that severs 2 short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecule. These activated ends join together to form fibrin. Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area and provide the framework for the clot. The fibrin clot is temporary as plasmin destroys the fibrin network as soon as blood vessel repair is initiated.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-H7m_fv_bef1kcu7D6laJot9KwopJ-y6wjlU4-b0RQmKOElP1g1Uj8SJls1wqnfhiXSCo0UvwYoSkxNGuQX9G4ewYwtqmtAGGgH8dBFC0BXzUVT-8Y5jc8zR_ZvpM0J0xp9FRHQuQ4M/s1600-h/image.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-H7m_fv_bef1kcu7D6laJot9KwopJ-y6wjlU4-b0RQmKOElP1g1Uj8SJls1wqnfhiXSCo0UvwYoSkxNGuQX9G4ewYwtqmtAGGgH8dBFC0BXzUVT-8Y5jc8zR_ZvpM0J0xp9FRHQuQ4M/s320/image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181122569255972162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=98328&rendTypeId=4<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Disorders related to blood clotting:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Thrombocytopenia-due to a low production of platelets in the bone marrow or an increased breakdown of platelets outside the bone marrow</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Thromboembolism- a formed clot in an unbroken blood vessel, if dislodged becomes an embolus</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hemophilia- an inherited clotting disorder due ti a deficiency in a clotting factor</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Blood transfusions are the transfer of blood from one individual into the blood of another. For safety, blood needs to be typed so that agglutination does not occur. Blood typing involves determining the ABO blood group and the Rh factor. Only certain blood transfusions are safe because the plasma membranes of red blood cells carry glycoproteins that can be antigens to others. Blood typing is based in the presence or absence of two possible antigen types: type A and type B. Type A blood has type A antigens, type B blood, type B antigens, type AB blood both type A and B antigens and type O blood has neither surface antigens.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSj5sYmOMIAnzAmJ75NP7vV7cqTDIcSqibrN63mCeaf6Siu0tyQQrWilPnIlNA0A0dRFQcnhbvx3_BBMprQr8_-QCyE-8ymHSwQHInLqza7kwrWF3ufu1TtsYrLWDrJwx1xdscnmC6t9I/s1600-h/ABO_blood_type.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSj5sYmOMIAnzAmJ75NP7vV7cqTDIcSqibrN63mCeaf6Siu0tyQQrWilPnIlNA0A0dRFQcnhbvx3_BBMprQr8_-QCyE-8ymHSwQHInLqza7kwrWF3ufu1TtsYrLWDrJwx1xdscnmC6t9I/s320/ABO_blood_type.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181125614387785042" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://blogsci.com/images/ABO_blood_type.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The designation of blood type includes whether the person has or does not have the Rh factor on the red blood cell. Rh- individuals normally do not have the antibodies to the Rh factor, but make them when exposed to the Rh factor. During pregnancy, an Rh- mother can have problems if the father is Rh+, because the child may be Rh+. If so, the mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies which may harm the child's red blood cells. This is prevented by giving the mother an Rh immunoglobulin injection no later than 72 hrs after giving birth.<br /><br />Each of the human systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The cardiovascular system is of primary importance because it serves the needs of the cells. Several other systems contribute as well: the digestive, the respiratory, the nervous and endocrine, the lymphatic, and the skeletal.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Lymphatic System and Immunity<br /></span><span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Microbes such as bacteria are widely distributed in the environment. They cover the surfaces of plants, animals, and inanimate objects. Some microbes are helpful, some are harmful. Human infectious diseases are typically caused by bacteria and viruses, collectively known as pathogens.</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-size:85%;">The human body has 3 lines of defense against pathogens: barriers to entry, first responders, and specific defenses.<br /><br />Bacteria are single celled prokaryotes without a nucleus. They have 3 common shapes:<br /></span></span></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Bacillus-rod</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Coccus-spherical</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Spirillum-curved</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >"Cillin" antibiotics interfere with the production of a bacteria cell wall. Some bacteria is surrounded by a capsule that has a thick gummy consistency which allows bacteria to stick to surfaces. Motile bacteria have flagella which rotate 360 degrees and cause the bacterium to move backwards. Other bacteria have fimbriae, which are stiff fibers that allow bacterial to adhere to host cells. Yet other bacteria have a pilus, an elongated hollow appendage used to transfer DNA from one cell to another. Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission and can reproduce rapidly, doubling their number every 12 minutes.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjziPRZDaO5YkkdynCGPprblVoiTIzmOPwAXITCXAsKtyYxt3bX2b5maRSQORnGxtIKRb_3KfnRU01nDWI31lHGwUKbnY-sgPjdG3nUMPqBof69YOUNrLOfg4eEDuN0wjFYe-CW_kUSBwE/s1600-h/199812-026-Staph-Bacteria.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjziPRZDaO5YkkdynCGPprblVoiTIzmOPwAXITCXAsKtyYxt3bX2b5maRSQORnGxtIKRb_3KfnRU01nDWI31lHGwUKbnY-sgPjdG3nUMPqBof69YOUNrLOfg4eEDuN0wjFYe-CW_kUSBwE/s320/199812-026-Staph-Bacteria.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181377157737409890" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_art_prints/archives/199812-026-Staph-Bacteria.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Viruses bridge the gap between the living and nonliving. Outside a host, viruses are essentially chemicals that can be stored on a shelf. BUt when the opportunity arises, viruses replicate inside cells and appear to be alive. Viruses are acellular, they are obligate parasites and do not live independently. Virus particles are four times smaller than bacteria. Virus has 2 parts: an outer capsid composed of protein units and an inner core of nucleic acid. A virus carries genetic information needed to reproduce. Viral genetic material does not need to be double stranded DNA or even DNA. Some viruses, like HIV, have an RNA genome. Viruses with animal reservoirs are hard to control. A virus may emerge by transport from one location to another. Viral disease are also transmitted by vectors, usually insects. Mutations allow different modes of transmissions.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtDjF8iEZZg2UtlEUkXSAA0RMuwEgl7L686Mnjo5a2OKx6WGg2ML0QxYgz3D_ItrFBvFZy2kOtTkfIAI3DCEZvISAGkh1igMY9qlp65yi2dHMFwVb1wYztSDYy0lPMsyAHpBPvktuX64/s1600-h/virus_big.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimtDjF8iEZZg2UtlEUkXSAA0RMuwEgl7L686Mnjo5a2OKx6WGg2ML0QxYgz3D_ItrFBvFZy2kOtTkfIAI3DCEZvISAGkh1igMY9qlp65yi2dHMFwVb1wYztSDYy0lPMsyAHpBPvktuX64/s320/virus_big.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181379790552362354" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://infusionblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/virus_big.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles. They cause a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system (wasting diseases.) Prions are proteins of unknown function in the brains of healthy individuals. Disease occurs when certain prion proteins change shape into a rogue form.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJVsu6cF4V3UEdjUCVE_s-MniglI3en7WCIuQkHA5ETyWDmTtObq8nRoTEkUf-p0goskdJCG580p8Q8K2nT9E8JzUgED_S2ygASSiLNeFuDEQnaO6-itktnnE2EZq57MBDxr_4C33j88I/s1600-h/Prion.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJVsu6cF4V3UEdjUCVE_s-MniglI3en7WCIuQkHA5ETyWDmTtObq8nRoTEkUf-p0goskdJCG580p8Q8K2nT9E8JzUgED_S2ygASSiLNeFuDEQnaO6-itktnnE2EZq57MBDxr_4C33j88I/s320/Prion.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181381852136664450" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/groups/grubmueller/start/people/mstumpe1/gallery/Prion.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic organs. The lymphatic system has 4 main functions that contribute to homeostasis:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">In the small intestine, lymphatic capillaries called lacteals absorb fat in the form of lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The lymphatic system helps defend the body against pathogens</span></li></ul> <a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXn55wngcnokJFFgThYfqk1a4-GWwXmyXAN2QEFqjn5iGBi_YVVf2NiLqNiplXW0CAviaKLJZDrIBugJ4XkGXmlKtvOLuramZUrCZBW16otwC1wLLklvg2wG4c0xu9KmxpZlRm_VN7QkQ/s1600-h/lymphatic_drainage.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXn55wngcnokJFFgThYfqk1a4-GWwXmyXAN2QEFqjn5iGBi_YVVf2NiLqNiplXW0CAviaKLJZDrIBugJ4XkGXmlKtvOLuramZUrCZBW16otwC1wLLklvg2wG4c0xu9KmxpZlRm_VN7QkQ/s320/lymphatic_drainage.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181383570123582866" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.advancedhealthhealingarts.com/images/lymphatic_drainage.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Lymphatic vessels form a one-way system of capillaries then vessels then ducts that take lymph to cardiovascular veins in the shoulders. The fluid inside lymphatic vessels is called lymph. The lymphatic system has 2 ducts, the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. The thoracic duct returns lymph collected from the body below the thorax, the left arm, and the left side of the head and neck into the left subclavian vein. The right lymphatic duct returns lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and neck into the right subclavian vein.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6S7Lx79kZgSoP7nrwfyk5EfkBQIW4rRs-bcElZRkKc_ysuxaz-DMkzu3cGWzKxc4vvyy_IWqThXxTsH8kBya9L-4Bj5c743MxbTEUAC1nZwzGuTnf_f5ruFFjZUXkptkPD4h8oLezJNI/s1600-h/illu_lymph_capillary.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6S7Lx79kZgSoP7nrwfyk5EfkBQIW4rRs-bcElZRkKc_ysuxaz-DMkzu3cGWzKxc4vvyy_IWqThXxTsH8kBya9L-4Bj5c743MxbTEUAC1nZwzGuTnf_f5ruFFjZUXkptkPD4h8oLezJNI/s320/illu_lymph_capillary.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181386864363498914" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_lymph_capillary.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lymphatic organs are divided into those that are primary: red bone marrow and the thymus gland; and those that are secondary: lymph nodes and spleen. Blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced in red bone marrow. B cells mature in the bone marrow, but T cells mature in the thymus. Lymph is cleansed in lymph nodes, while blood is cleansed in the spleen.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ1kyJmN8Lbwu1xZRIyv6SpsxzQsKYyqjwpVflFHcRZ6A5mdvTLsd9DTx84ULY15rmgGCU9nFzj9jaqkHvZWmCQYyIezgxmkJ8VKhlUXri8UbGpr0zBxNoHfCs-2bi_esMMCSGLD50whQ/s1600-h/CDR0000533339.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ1kyJmN8Lbwu1xZRIyv6SpsxzQsKYyqjwpVflFHcRZ6A5mdvTLsd9DTx84ULY15rmgGCU9nFzj9jaqkHvZWmCQYyIezgxmkJ8VKhlUXri8UbGpr0zBxNoHfCs-2bi_esMMCSGLD50whQ/s320/CDR0000533339.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181411736519110066" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://pubutils.fccc.edu:8180/slide/files/www/images/pdq/CDR0000533339.jpg<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Red bone marrow- produces all types of blood cells.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Thymus gland- located in the thoracic cavity between the trachea and the sternum; produces thymic hormones that aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes, immature T lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow through the bloodstream to the thymus, where they mature</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Spleen-filters blood</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lymph nodes- filter lymph</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lymphatic nodules-concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule (such as tonsils)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Peyer's patch- located in the intestinal wall and the appendix, attached to the cecum; encounters pathogens in the intestinal tract</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >The human body has other defenses for the immune system. The body has both physical and chemical barriers that serve as the first line of defense:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Skin and Mucous Membranes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chemical Barriers- sebaceous glands, lysozyme, acid pH of the stomach<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Resident Bacteria- normal flora and microbes</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >The body also has an inflammatory response.<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Capillary changes and chemical mediators, like histamine from mast cells</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Macrophages and dendritic cells release cytokines</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Macrophages and dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens, as do neutrophils</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blood clots seal a break in a blood vessel</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWYsqKfbByAAuoNedml8kUcOoAb9Gnu6MNBZZvx6zvc-KT94awH2Wa40HzzVQuckjHN-LPQ1POp9RbwDxZUo869fb1a6pv6EWvY3ilgh1M10GQ_iDAf5ZTK0M5YhPlotFlermZA5qkjfw/s1600-h/f3.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWYsqKfbByAAuoNedml8kUcOoAb9Gnu6MNBZZvx6zvc-KT94awH2Wa40HzzVQuckjHN-LPQ1POp9RbwDxZUo869fb1a6pv6EWvY3ilgh1M10GQ_iDAf5ZTK0M5YhPlotFlermZA5qkjfw/s320/f3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181420008626122178" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.chronicprostatitis.com/images/f3.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The complement system is composed of a number of blood plasma proteins designated by the letter C and subscript. The complement proteins "complement" certain immune system responses. They amplify the inflammatory response because certain complement proteins can bind to mast cells and trigger histamine release and others can attract phagocytes. Other proteins join to form a membrane attack complex that produces holes in the surface and bacteria and some viruses. Interferons are proteins produced by virus infected cells as a warning to non-infected cells in the area. Interferon binds to receptors of noninfected cells, causing them to prepare for possible attack.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgurjEpX3Ez3nh4bxgnymNx8KkMgRpzOYfFZJ_0EqBZQrljT5vrUoonHlnDE0lD55KfUvsNK5IEb_hNp3sEKMCD7RPO3SPucuQKUwlKX9Wmuo0MlHtTCRjNr41sPNyI3SeCXApY4EPN7Q8/s1600-h/compprot.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgurjEpX3Ez3nh4bxgnymNx8KkMgRpzOYfFZJ_0EqBZQrljT5vrUoonHlnDE0lD55KfUvsNK5IEb_hNp3sEKMCD7RPO3SPucuQKUwlKX9Wmuo0MlHtTCRjNr41sPNyI3SeCXApY4EPN7Q8/s320/compprot.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181421855462059474" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=20903&rendTypeId=4<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Immunocell Type and Function</span></span> <ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">B cells- produce plasma cells (produce specific antibodies) and memory cells (ready to produce antibodies in the future)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">T Cells- regulate immune response; produce Cytotoxic T cells (kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells), Helper T cells (regulate immunity), and Memory T cells (ready to kill in the future)</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJBO53bXGsJUVBcicXxRQo1B5THLbW1lKBpR5J6IdLu9k56DGdBraSDNXePvkMeDdRne6v7_x1mLWJDbUekeb4ASgynyloZJgrh9-rTQ_wGlYQYAmD9TcySsT4YgcFsosZ4h3h0JwfEkc/s1600-h/figure61.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJBO53bXGsJUVBcicXxRQo1B5THLbW1lKBpR5J6IdLu9k56DGdBraSDNXePvkMeDdRne6v7_x1mLWJDbUekeb4ASgynyloZJgrh9-rTQ_wGlYQYAmD9TcySsT4YgcFsosZ4h3h0JwfEkc/s320/figure61.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181430685914820066" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://stemcells.nih.gov/StaticResources/info/scireport/images/figure61.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Once the threat of an infection has passed, the development of new plasma cells ceases</span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"> and those present undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death.)<br /><br />The basic unit which composes antibody molecules is a Y shaped protein molecule with 2 arms. Each arm has a heavy and light polypeptide chain. These chains have constant regions located at the trunk of the Y where the sequence of the amino acids is set. The class of antibody of each individual molecule is determined by the structure of the antibody's constant region. The variable region forms an antigen-binding site and their shape is specific to a particular antigen. Memory B cells remain in the body and produce antibodies if the same antigen enters the body at a later date.<br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7HOSSrFqFdp1mtV5vGXiZjoZiTu4XrYY0e3kjYAY8CJkh3zRVyzTmQyKALMBRvivMwcJpgFzf7zIRVv_MrHjxQzN3GH-ox9jaAbWAsvbFNSQS41wHAza1BEfgs1K9a1YNkjzoZedO9o/s1600-h/04_32_antibody.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia7HOSSrFqFdp1mtV5vGXiZjoZiTu4XrYY0e3kjYAY8CJkh3zRVyzTmQyKALMBRvivMwcJpgFzf7zIRVv_MrHjxQzN3GH-ox9jaAbWAsvbFNSQS41wHAza1BEfgs1K9a1YNkjzoZedO9o/s320/04_32_antibody.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181435483393289714" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/04_32_antibody.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span>There are 5 different classes of antibodies:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">IgG-main antibody type in circulation, binds to pathogens, activates complement and enhances phagocytosis</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">IgM-found in circulation, largest antibody, first antibody formed by newborn, activates complements, clumps cell</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">IgA-main antibody type in secretions such as saliva and milk, prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells in digestive and respiratory tract</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">IgD-found on surface of immature B cells, presence signifies readiness of B cell</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">IgE-found as antigen receptors on basophils in blood and on mast cells in tissues, responsible for immediate allergic response and protection against parasitic worms</span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwLNpeFWfYADOaBZBARkhzo_ucyW0_FAd52iDeZXZtbZvglkBKYAvRUl35UVKVbIkt2QXz_Ud3Bma_lrh4i27O5mF21atDQjAjKGpGFvvxhHJuVH1GH6TzDciUMQ9byv1i3F5nEr7hEE/s1600-h/IgEstimulation.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwLNpeFWfYADOaBZBARkhzo_ucyW0_FAd52iDeZXZtbZvglkBKYAvRUl35UVKVbIkt2QXz_Ud3Bma_lrh4i27O5mF21atDQjAjKGpGFvvxhHJuVH1GH6TzDciUMQ9byv1i3F5nEr7hEE/s320/IgEstimulation.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181439546432351746" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://research.chem.psu.edu/edsgroup/img/IgEstimulation.jpg<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">For a T cell to recognize an antigen, the antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting macrophage, along with an human leukocyte antigen (HLA.) Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion until the illness has been stemmed. Then, most of the activated T cells undergo apoptosis. A few cells remain as memory T cells. The 2 main types of T cells are cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells or cancer cells on contact because they bear a nonself protein. Helper T cells produce cytokines and stimulate other immune cells.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XKPrp6SIkAt4Wejnb8vYDHHjbRB56wq3FaFmtpsyB8BQ2lxSON8cxhK-uG_aJBpPZpZuzvxAFJbq_SFVZA-l5kHV6nLUth7ktFNcjNC92jfodL-9o1cp2u8KMnhL1zztPFQHDMKcF28/s1600-h/Tcell.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XKPrp6SIkAt4Wejnb8vYDHHjbRB56wq3FaFmtpsyB8BQ2lxSON8cxhK-uG_aJBpPZpZuzvxAFJbq_SFVZA-l5kHV6nLUth7ktFNcjNC92jfodL-9o1cp2u8KMnhL1zztPFQHDMKcF28/s320/Tcell.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181443012470959634" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/antibiotics/Tcell.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Active immunity can be induced by vaccines when a person is well and in no immediate danger of contracting an infectious disease. Active immunity depends upon the presence of memory cells in the body. Passive immunity is needed when an individual is in immediate danger of succumbing to an infectious disease. Passive immunity is short lived because the antibodies are administered to and not made by the individual. Monoclonal antibodies which are produced by the same plasma cell, have various functions from detecting infections to treating cancer. Cytokines, including interferon, are a form of passive immunity used to treat AIDS and to promote the body's ability to recover.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXxisdO_xbTh9V_ADDZdlsM-BzuS-sZ5OwKRluQS3L1Ppq8E_PFlDXsvSV2AwoCBtPClMox3sozRHY7wn2iZDvFeuBYuK8I249VPEWlKwVj8xkzmOWFwf_xlZAZvNwZmYp17Mn3jaxog/s1600-h/interferon3de.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkXxisdO_xbTh9V_ADDZdlsM-BzuS-sZ5OwKRluQS3L1Ppq8E_PFlDXsvSV2AwoCBtPClMox3sozRHY7wn2iZDvFeuBYuK8I249VPEWlKwVj8xkzmOWFwf_xlZAZvNwZmYp17Mn3jaxog/s320/interferon3de.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181445988883295778" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.roche.com/pages/facets/10/interferon3de.jpg<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Allergic responses occur when the immune system reacts vigorously to substances not normally recognized as foreign.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-facxrdqKvXpAymNd9tR_F3CFVIB_a_V_ME9ajbZ6Ce6ld1ZOEny33QjZ8OHIynYK_E61JOjpxMEO3fb_H6uiFj0WBG_KIJUSkM6E4byLVX5pK_TcVCJcJoZ_JQDuz-r0jEHeIA12MI/s1600-h/Hives.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil-facxrdqKvXpAymNd9tR_F3CFVIB_a_V_ME9ajbZ6Ce6ld1ZOEny33QjZ8OHIynYK_E61JOjpxMEO3fb_H6uiFj0WBG_KIJUSkM6E4byLVX5pK_TcVCJcJoZ_JQDuz-r0jEHeIA12MI/s320/Hives.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181447015380479538" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/Hives.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Immediate allergic responses, usually consisting of cold-like symptoms, are due to the activity of antibodies. Delayed allergic responses such as contact dermatitis, are due to the activity of T cells. Tissue rejection occurs when the immune system recognizes a tissue as foreign.<br /><br />When a person has an autoimmune disease, cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they bear foreign antigens. There are no cures for autoimmune disorders, but sometimes immunosuppressive drugs are effective. Some disorders of the immune system are:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Myasthenia gravis-antibodies attach to an interfere with functioning of neuromuscular junctions and muscular weakness results</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Multiple Sclerosis-T cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve fibers which causes neuromuscular symptoms</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-various symptoms prior to death due to kidney damage</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Rheumatoid Arthritis-affected joints with severe pain<br /></span></li></ul><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvedNZmvpseeozCwGMS9lBfAgQZMrhtMTcixcUv_ToNSFPR8LOZMDArN2dJxYJdTAjmhV_IETRy6TGWSbOTTmGj8QiQtvde3lecfDCooMia4iNA8jnb8IlZOD1TB1YghbleJB3zT9n834/s1600-h/rheumatoid-arthritis-17890.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvedNZmvpseeozCwGMS9lBfAgQZMrhtMTcixcUv_ToNSFPR8LOZMDArN2dJxYJdTAjmhV_IETRy6TGWSbOTTmGj8QiQtvde3lecfDCooMia4iNA8jnb8IlZOD1TB1YghbleJB3zT9n834/s320/rheumatoid-arthritis-17890.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181450099166998082" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://medicineworld.org/images/blogs/6-2007/rheumatoid-arthritis-17890.jpg<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >AIDS<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;">Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodefiency virus (HIV.) There are 2 types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and widespread form of HIV. AIDS originated in Africa and spread to the US and Europe by way of the Carribean. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 correspond with types of viruses found in primates in Africa. The virus may have mutated after humans ate nonhuman primates for meat. AIDS is a pandemic because the disease is prevalent in the entire human population around the globe.<br /><br /></span></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_E689PD1TSENADDrzAO2dfpSBw6CE8LqEOwVVV5u8u8IF6f9F3E1m_4-XEp8QTGxQBLR57BSMarcon5wgq8SH0hjqF2IxGbyCe-2WpcegJ96Vfr_RYcM-DeJ-Cl7j_ndv7ZoxHECjXhw/s1600-h/_41703244_2006_figures4_416.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_E689PD1TSENADDrzAO2dfpSBw6CE8LqEOwVVV5u8u8IF6f9F3E1m_4-XEp8QTGxQBLR57BSMarcon5wgq8SH0hjqF2IxGbyCe-2WpcegJ96Vfr_RYcM-DeJ-Cl7j_ndv7ZoxHECjXhw/s320/_41703244_2006_figures4_416.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181452491463781970" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41703000/gif/_41703244_2006_figures4_416.gif<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />HIV infection has different phases:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category A: Acute Phase</span>-no apparent symptoms, highly infectious, and has a CD4 T cell count that has never fallen below 500 cells per mm cubed.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category B: Chronic Phase-</span>CD4 T cell count between 499 and 200 cells per mm cubed and a variety of symptoms related to an impaired immune system: yeast infection, cervical dysplasia, prolonged diarrhea, thick sores on the tongue, or shingles, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers, cough, or fatigue</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category C: AIDS-</span>CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per mm cubed or the person has developed one or more of the 25 AIDS defining illnesses. People with AIDS die from one or more of the the following opportunistic infections: pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, mycobacterium tuberculosis, toxoplasmic encephalitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, or invasive cervical cancer</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >HIV consists of 2 single strands of RNA, various proteins, and an envelope which it acquires from its host. The virus's genetic material is protected by a series of 3 protein coats, namely, the nucleocapsid, capsid, and the matrix. Within the matrix are 3 important enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjj77_ulQ_TPSXiDuLnIag6dU1XGlRGkOzJUdVfhY1CwQQI7mUsJ-BB8OZcnhR-zOlcUmeADkQwmiI1PWLuZIXbyrzvYXvaR3DxspDYGhXvuISf_u6KRIrkgYzq5JUx7OprvPgrLIhOk/s1600-h/hiv_image.jpg.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjj77_ulQ_TPSXiDuLnIag6dU1XGlRGkOzJUdVfhY1CwQQI7mUsJ-BB8OZcnhR-zOlcUmeADkQwmiI1PWLuZIXbyrzvYXvaR3DxspDYGhXvuISf_u6KRIrkgYzq5JUx7OprvPgrLIhOk/s320/hiv_image.jpg.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181468150914543202" border="0" /></a> <span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/gene-web/Lentiviral/hiv_image.jpg<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">HIV Life Cycle:<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Attachment</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Fusion</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Entry</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Reverse transcription</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Integration</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Biosynthesis and cleavage</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Assembly</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Budding</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >HIV is transmitted by sexual contact (vaginal, rectal, and oral/genital) with an infected person or sharing of dirty needles from infected drug users. Blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk are the body fluids known to have the highest concentrations of HIV. HIV is not transmitted through casual contact (unless of course, it is casual sex.)<br /><br /></span><a style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vLDHYFd_GCjIRK8_auXF2DGx9Qh29AfUBiLea4zwWJDelfx7sBYh5tLqfGilgpmHdzt-uYbKXeK9sjmtLj0g76Xzlq-m16cGDR6Ztcwt0G8loJDzyWkTIgj4ENDl8QcsYY1MfsFGpnA/s1600-h/fig_3.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vLDHYFd_GCjIRK8_auXF2DGx9Qh29AfUBiLea4zwWJDelfx7sBYh5tLqfGilgpmHdzt-uYbKXeK9sjmtLj0g76Xzlq-m16cGDR6Ztcwt0G8loJDzyWkTIgj4ENDl8QcsYY1MfsFGpnA/s320/fig_3.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5181486640748752498" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />http://www.tthhivclinic.com/fig_3.gif<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />HIV testing does not test for the virus itself, but for the presence of HIV antibodies in the body. Most people develop antibodies to HIV within 2-8 weeks, but it can take up to 6 months. HIV and AIDS do not have a cure, but a treatment called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is usually able to stop HIV replication to such an extent that the viral load becomes undetectable.</span></span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"> Vaccines are not yet available for HIV, but testing continues.<br /><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Citations:<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-family:verdana;">Blood, Molecules, and Diseases. (2008) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10799796</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">CDC, HIV Transmission. (2008) http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/transmission.htm<br /><br />Heart Information System. (2008) http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Anatomy/<br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Mader, S. (2008) Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels, Cardiovascular System: Blood, Lymphatic System and Immunity, AIDS Supplement</span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >. <span style="font-style: italic;">Human Biology, 10th ed.</span> (p 85-142,343-352)<br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Microbiology. (2008) </span></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.scienceprofonline.org/</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:78%;" ><br /><br /></span><br /></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-71484177546890919562008-02-20T07:11:00.000-08:002008-02-23T09:34:58.580-08:00Human cloning-Want or Waste?<p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >C</span><span style="">loning has been an issue at the forefront of genetic technology for quite sometime.<span style=""> </span>There are both advantages and disadvantages to cloning.<span style=""> </span>The issues of cloning encompass not only the scientific community, but also religion and morality.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human being, human cell, or human tissue.<span style=""> </span>The term is generally used to refer to <i>artificial</i> human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning part of the natural process of reproduction.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>There are different types of cloning that each entail different results.<span style=""> </span>Reproductive cloning i</span><span style="">s a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal.<span style=""> </span>Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Physicians from the American Medical Association and scientists with the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public statements advising against human reproductive cloning. Currently, the U.S. Congress is considering the passage of legislation that could ban human cloning.<span style=""> </span>Many other countries may adopt that legislation too.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Another concern of human reproductive cloning and genetic engineering, is the factor that parents may want to customize their children.<span style=""> </span>Many religious organizations are up in arms against this, citing the word of God as a shield for natural reproduction.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Greenpeace believes that </span><span style="">genetically modified organisms (GMO) can spread through nature and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby contaminating non-genetically engineered environments and future generations in an unforeseeable and uncontrollable way. The release is 'genetic pollution' and is a major threat because GMOs cannot be recalled once released into the environment. </span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);" class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>On the other hand, stem cells are important to biomedical researchers because they can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body. Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days.<span style=""> </span>The extraction process destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of ethical concerns.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>However, researchers hope that someday stem cells can be used to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Human therapeutic cloning could provide genetically identical cells for regenerative medicine, and tissues and organs for<br />transplantation.<span style=""> </span>Such cells, tissues, and organs would neither trigger an immune response nor require the use of immunosuppressive drugs.</span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since August 2007"> <p class="MsoHeader" style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"><span style=""><span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Human reproductive cloning may also have benefits. <span style=""> </span>Researchers and doctors hope to create a fertility treatment that allows parents who are both infertile to have children with at least some of their DNA in their offspring.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="">Reproductive cloning also could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoHeader" style=""><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" >This is an issue that does not have any solution that will appease everyone involved.</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" >Families with sick children may want their child to be healthy, no matter what the cost; financial, moral, or otherwise.</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);font-size:100%;" >Scientists want to continue their work unabated and unrestrained by the religious and moral conservatives and the interference of the government.</span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-43267151317098601292008-02-20T07:16:00.000-08:002008-02-20T07:25:57.045-08:00Self Eval for Cells and Genetics<div style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <span style="font-family:Arial;">REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE</span></div> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?</span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">I am proud of my cell model in total. I am not very creative in an artistic and I think it turned out fairly well. The other aspects of my cell regarding mitosis and what not were not bad either, again, because I am not very good at that type of work<br /></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?<br /></span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">I did the best I could with my work but I suppose with better time management I could have improved everything.<br /></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?</span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">An <span style="font-weight: bold;">A </span>because I am anal-retentive and I can only handle 1 <span style="font-weight: bold;">B</span> a semester and since I am taking a math class (which I suck at) it should be there and not here.<br /></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;">4. How could I perform better in the next unit?</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">BETTER TIME MANAGEMENT!!!!</span></span><br /></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> </p> <ol style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li><span style="font-family:Arial;">At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?</span><p> Making my cell helped a lot, but it is hard to be disengaged from a course completing a compendium review. </p></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial;">At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course? </span> <p> Trying to do all my other homework. </p></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial;">What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful? </span> <p> All my e-mails and questions were answered and I felt comfortable that the behavior would continue. </p></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial;">What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing? </span> <p> N/A </p></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial;">What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)</span></li></ol><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> I found this subject more fascinating than I thought and I am thinking a switching to a applied science major instead of applied arts.</span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-24358249887733412372008-02-17T23:27:00.001-08:002008-02-18T01:21:12.523-08:00Dragon Genetic and the Punnett Square<span style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Dragon Genetics and the Punnett Square<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRHTlsQHfe0M988LF0iTXmtdIrx3JjXY6pxA5vy2VPyKSlFAsTdCrbDSaaPPQQcc0aOjaLHBs6UMrNDJw_Q7SpFVINWLFyYfZd9ij-r96g7IMNsRIpyMFExdM95f4TRbXtwPFLftJDHE/s1600-h/dragon.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRRHTlsQHfe0M988LF0iTXmtdIrx3JjXY6pxA5vy2VPyKSlFAsTdCrbDSaaPPQQcc0aOjaLHBs6UMrNDJw_Q7SpFVINWLFyYfZd9ij-r96g7IMNsRIpyMFExdM95f4TRbXtwPFLftJDHE/s320/dragon.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5168221002386020162" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >dragon genetics showing how the manipulation of alleles changed the dragon phenotype</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGvuBV6ng55fKkt1ijB-rbN218NYPEHarGLvVTmSUS_vUgmgkwj4HQWOl-8MiKYDLzI2B-rTzZsqa3h6_o7v4pAkBK7Q16LmPJbPvjjuVXnZSfu53iJK9nfYrkO2OnalKdUPkB_kvFT4/s1600-h/square.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGvuBV6ng55fKkt1ijB-rbN218NYPEHarGLvVTmSUS_vUgmgkwj4HQWOl-8MiKYDLzI2B-rTzZsqa3h6_o7v4pAkBK7Q16LmPJbPvjjuVXnZSfu53iJK9nfYrkO2OnalKdUPkB_kvFT4/s320/square.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5168221255789090642" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" >Punnett square showing the traits of the fruitfly<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br />Genetics is the study of biological inheritance. The molecular basis for our genes is DNA. DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides and our genetic information exists along the chain. Chromosomes are the genes arranged along the DNA chain.<br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">genotype- </span>the genes of an individual<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">phenotype</span>-trait or characteristic affected by the genotype<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">allele</span>-alternative forms of a gene having different locus on the same chromosome, occur in pairs<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">cross</span>-A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross where only one gene/trait is being studied. A dihybrid cross is a cross where two traits/genes are under consideration.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">dominant (allele)</span>-the one that’s fully expressed; symbolized by a capital letter, often the first letter of the word for which it stands</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">recessive (allele)</span>-the one that’s almost always completely masked; symbolized by the <b>SAME</b> letter, but lower case. If a person has 2 recessive genes, that phenotype is expressed.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >During gametogenesis, the chromosome number is reduced. A chromosome has 46, a gamete 23. This occurs as a result of meiosis. A monohybrid is an individual that is heterozygous to one pair of alleles. The Punnett sqaure is a tool which helps determine the outcome of genotypes/phenotypes. The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 and the phenotypic ratio 1:3:1.<br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-size:85%;">Genetic inheritance is influenced by the arrangement of alleles during fertilization. During meiosis (reduction division) , each of the parent cells contribute 1/2 of their chromosomes utilized during fertilization. Dependent upon the genotypes of both parents, the offspring will have different but predictable chances of inheriting certain traits. The Punnett square is a diagram which simplifies the process of determining the percentages of inheriting certain traits.<br /><br />The gametes carry genes that are dominant or recessive. Upon fertilization, the combination of the genotypes determines the phenotype of the offspring.<br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" > Alleles occur in pairs and normally an individual has 2 alleles for each trait. A person with 2 dominant alleles has a homozygous dominant genotype. A person with 2 recessive alleles has a homozygous recessive genotype. A person with one of each has a heterozygous genotype. The genotype refers to the genes, the phenotype to the trait or characteristic.<br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Genetic inheritance is important for myriad reasons, but especially for the study and ramifications of many genetic diseases and disorders. </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" >Genetic disorders can be autosomal dominant: an individual with the alleles AA or Aa will have the disorder, or autosomal recessive: an individual with the alleles aa will have the disorder. A person's genome can be modified. Gene therapies such as ex vivo gene therapy or in vivo gene therapy can treat different medical conditions.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-size:85%;" ><br />Genetic material must be able to do 3 things: replicate so it can be transmitted to the next generation, store information, and undergo mutations that provide genetic variability.</span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-35784695737587334192008-02-14T08:37:00.000-08:002008-02-18T01:07:11.788-08:00Compendium Review-Cells and Genetics 2<span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">Table of Contents<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Cancer</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Patterns of Genetic Inheritance</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><br />DNA Biology and Technology<br /><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance</span><br /><br />Humans have 46 chromosomes that occur in 23 pairs. 22 of the pairs are called autosomes, one pair is the sex chromosome. Males have the XY chromosome and females the XX. Chromosomes are visible in all cells of the body barring red blood cells. A computer display of the chromosomes is called a karyotype.<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbdkXAsNrGYmf_PVIXpkWQ52ZNRskZdcq7eQ4d2qCUZw8z3mTsJ_cBTwqJavtPsuqEBucHnSu7n_rxK0ypW3HhsZVbj_hCVAOfNRMjxapQ60fN8uGPEb1FuZwYKAl1zHbYhDXYN2jLtI/s1600-h/karyotype_black_image.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHbdkXAsNrGYmf_PVIXpkWQ52ZNRskZdcq7eQ4d2qCUZw8z3mTsJ_cBTwqJavtPsuqEBucHnSu7n_rxK0ypW3HhsZVbj_hCVAOfNRMjxapQ60fN8uGPEb1FuZwYKAl1zHbYhDXYN2jLtI/s200/karyotype_black_image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166880624697316322" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">cancergenome.nih.gov/<wbr>media/karyotype_black_im...</span><br /><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">Mitosis (duplication division) is the process that insures every cell has 46 chromosomes. In dividing cells each chromosome is composed of 2 identical parts called sister chromatids. Chromatids are held together at the region called the centromere. The centromere holds the two together until the phase of mitosis where the centromere splits.<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxn9Igu8G8K9h3gUYcWVLDT0bHQw3pOo36Y6qQrjjktWBjhbH-5KeAO13zm-Fq1kk5xLEwlcx0uwCvodiwNYnVeK6E9YO-nKSMShRvh_HB031WIe1rlANNI_fDsfdf7hYA5rzMktfmYw0/s1600-h/cellcycle.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxn9Igu8G8K9h3gUYcWVLDT0bHQw3pOo36Y6qQrjjktWBjhbH-5KeAO13zm-Fq1kk5xLEwlcx0uwCvodiwNYnVeK6E9YO-nKSMShRvh_HB031WIe1rlANNI_fDsfdf7hYA5rzMktfmYw0/s200/cellcycle.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166884563182326770" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/eng.gif<br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">The cell cycle is an orderly process composed of 2 parts: interphase and cell division. Most of the cell cycle is spent in interphase. During this time, organelles carry on their usual function. The cell also gets ready to divide and as it grows larger, the number of organelles doubles as does the amount of chromatin and DNA synthesis occurs. DNA synthesis permits interphase to be divided into 3 stages: G1, S, and G2. <span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">G1- A cell doubles its organelles and accumulates the material needed for DNA synthesis</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">S- DNA replication occurs, resulting in duplicated chromosomes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">G2- The cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division<br /></span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">Following interphase, cell division occurs. Cell division has 2 stages: M (miotic) and cytokinesis. Mitosis is a type of nuclear division. Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm.<br /></span></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">M- the sister chromatids separate becoming chromosomes w/2 daughter nuclei</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cytokinesis- 2 daughter cells present</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">The cell cycle occurs continuously in certain tissue. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs to do away with cells that are dividing when they should not.<br /><br />Mitosis is duplication division. The dividing cell is the parent cell, the new cells are called the daughter cells. They are genetically identical. During mitosis, chromatin in the nucleus becomes highly condensed and the chromosomes become visible. The sister chromatids are held together by the centromere. After the centromeres split, the sister chromatids separate.<br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgDSxGavnQ0qJ48O0cpzPs_m0i9hIcO7GTv1w7pjAxnS4eUAswZHwbg_UKtLzAEV99Sp7gwn-mPr683cZqGjJvlfCZIqp31Q-CmLG3-quzIkD3UemGBcX9pQuohpiYi92aw4OwuoQboM/s1600-h/mitosis1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgDSxGavnQ0qJ48O0cpzPs_m0i9hIcO7GTv1w7pjAxnS4eUAswZHwbg_UKtLzAEV99Sp7gwn-mPr683cZqGjJvlfCZIqp31Q-CmLG3-quzIkD3UemGBcX9pQuohpiYi92aw4OwuoQboM/s200/mitosis1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166889257581581314" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/.../<wbr>mitosis1.gif<br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">An important event of mitosis is the duplication of the centrosome, the microtubule organizing the center of the cell. After they separate, the form the poles of the miotic spindle, where the centrosomes assemble the microtubules that make up the spindle fibers. The chromosomes are attached to the fibers by the centromere. An array of microtubules is called an aster. Centrioles are short cylinders of microtubules present in centrosomes.<br /><br />There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Although they appear as four separate stages, they are one continous, fluid phase without interruption.</span></span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Prophase- <span style="font-size:78%;">centrosomes have duplicated and the nucleolus has disappeared, duplicated chromosomes are visible</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GAF7iKW4GxOtm3FAFsjPg8Jj8mO-N2snnUMXHR7XbfQBRDxHF8c37Ti_ZFURO-mBJ0uczBZWyZutBM5iFNC-lVtoMsdp3oGGhW4-mmlG28vx8Miv37W2sNg4oQRe1n65ZRFZkY2DOM0/s1600-h/prophase.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GAF7iKW4GxOtm3FAFsjPg8Jj8mO-N2snnUMXHR7XbfQBRDxHF8c37Ti_ZFURO-mBJ0uczBZWyZutBM5iFNC-lVtoMsdp3oGGhW4-mmlG28vx8Miv37W2sNg4oQRe1n65ZRFZkY2DOM0/s200/prophase.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166890769410069522" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >img.sparknotes.com/.<wbr>../prophase.gif</span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Metaphase- <span style="font-size:78%;">each chromatid is attaced to a spindle fiber, cetromeres of the duplicated chromosomes are aligned with equator</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXQOpA0b5fbejJtGgclMYakiQjJy5v7owIP8C7zFpPZyzpojh5yqxCqeiN25_-Ew5_7jV41gfWcFFZa_jCMk1BV7UrN81F_wtbeRY0i5bKhP6fJQ-3slkDqldyI2oErtsDFLs1YTEnJEM/s1600-h/metaphase.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXQOpA0b5fbejJtGgclMYakiQjJy5v7owIP8C7zFpPZyzpojh5yqxCqeiN25_-Ew5_7jV41gfWcFFZa_jCMk1BV7UrN81F_wtbeRY0i5bKhP6fJQ-3slkDqldyI2oErtsDFLs1YTEnJEM/s200/metaphase.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166891413655163938" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >img.sparknotes.com/.<wbr>../metaphase.gif<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Anaphase- <span style="font-size:78%;">sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward spindle poles</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8umxQ9Jx5QZP4dNrVo7kCFWgQldw3rERYhzu8_WdOnA_THQ-zGdCw5lJx4v01dY1ZUjeC6GestWmCUMnX_l2MDS8GCJwUK7wR1ycNxFw9HD3W7yvrCznGeIwdVzKEe65JPdDrzphM6H4/s1600-h/anaphase.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8umxQ9Jx5QZP4dNrVo7kCFWgQldw3rERYhzu8_WdOnA_THQ-zGdCw5lJx4v01dY1ZUjeC6GestWmCUMnX_l2MDS8GCJwUK7wR1ycNxFw9HD3W7yvrCznGeIwdVzKEe65JPdDrzphM6H4/s200/anaphase.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166892152389538866" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >img.sparknotes.com/.<wbr>../anaphase.gif<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Telophase- <span style="font-size:78%;">daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZtnOrzkzRTtU6G5kLUiRRonurNyuaObg0B-5efXi6E1gUp3q0sbGpX7QN7TY9q0vSrMqqNDXsWLGBZGOPXDsGjBNJq3NP2Ih80Nac0LwD2PBIZJ5J7jy4cs3eqsSylYedqdhw2aOl28/s1600-h/telophase.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwZtnOrzkzRTtU6G5kLUiRRonurNyuaObg0B-5efXi6E1gUp3q0sbGpX7QN7TY9q0vSrMqqNDXsWLGBZGOPXDsGjBNJq3NP2Ih80Nac0LwD2PBIZJ5J7jy4cs3eqsSylYedqdhw2aOl28/s200/telophase.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166893170296788034" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >img.sparknotes.com/.<wbr>../telophase.gif<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles. In human cells, a slight indentation, the cleavage furrow, passes around the circumference of the cell. Actin filaments form a contractile ring and the cleavage furrow pinches the cell in half. Each cell becomes enclosed by its own plasma membrane.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnJYd1UjnDw6P66hfyxlPp_J8fXAQh6ZQUBAMKR715LP2-d__Yg_uHauKsn1mePF7ALxXv4yl-9hEgmTsgoY9HxLfQpnxhrq5enj6IKmh4F83-P2auRU6S8gN4kiieDNEVUhyphenhyphen3TqVc67A/s1600-h/cytokinesis.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnJYd1UjnDw6P66hfyxlPp_J8fXAQh6ZQUBAMKR715LP2-d__Yg_uHauKsn1mePF7ALxXv4yl-9hEgmTsgoY9HxLfQpnxhrq5enj6IKmh4F83-P2auRU6S8gN4kiieDNEVUhyphenhyphen3TqVc67A/s200/cytokinesis.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166894205383906386" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >img.sparknotes.com/.../<wbr>cytokinesis.gif<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Meiosis is reduction division. Because meiosis involves two divisions, there are 4 daughter cells. Each daughter cell has 1 of each kind of chromosome, therefore half as many as the parent cell. The parent cell is diploid (2n) and the daughter cell haploid (n.) Daughter cells which result from meiosis are gametes.<br /><br />At the start of meiosis there are 2 chromosome pairs which are homologues. The 2 cell divisions of meiosis are broken into meiosis I and meiosis II. Prior to meiosis I, DNA replication has occurred. During meiosis I, The homologous chromosomes line up side by side, called synapsis. The period between meiosis I and II is called interkinesis.<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Meiosis I- duplicated homologous pairs synapse and separate</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5Ey8fouNUbEMtLFWvwDOTGLDwtazOoOxBznMMGGtr3orSSyiCchDY7dBWsni3rUQwaOWK2og-Fskg3Hg_307pk399lQecFvDof1yHkEAvwK7luW5iObID8KLgYpjoCTiwdUsY7I2r_w/s1600-h/meiosis_1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH5Ey8fouNUbEMtLFWvwDOTGLDwtazOoOxBznMMGGtr3orSSyiCchDY7dBWsni3rUQwaOWK2og-Fskg3Hg_307pk399lQecFvDof1yHkEAvwK7luW5iObID8KLgYpjoCTiwdUsY7I2r_w/s200/meiosis_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166897143141536866" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/<wbr>biology/meiosis_1.jpg<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Meiosis II- sister chromatids separate becoming daughter chromosomes</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiRFd1kY0mvhMPLB98-uWwSaOnuEDkZ92-i520S1GHm6vLRitTR6ECI2zDiPM9FaJ1mHjv1wOQA0QGi04su0QjA_oGLbVCq0mhzrTY_0_x6P3qH6sWwzLZrQzsRdNIqwk9KTcMO3G-Wc/s1600-h/meiosis_2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiRFd1kY0mvhMPLB98-uWwSaOnuEDkZ92-i520S1GHm6vLRitTR6ECI2zDiPM9FaJ1mHjv1wOQA0QGi04su0QjA_oGLbVCq0mhzrTY_0_x6P3qH6sWwzLZrQzsRdNIqwk9KTcMO3G-Wc/s200/meiosis_2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166897808861467762" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/<wbr>biology/meiosis_2.jpg<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >In humans, daughter cells mature into gametes or sex cells that fuse during fertilization. Fertilization restores the haploid number to a diploid number in the zygote, the first cell of a new individual. Meiosis I and II are broken down into four stages each meiosis I stages with a I and meiosis II stages with a II. Here we discuss meiosis I stages:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Prophase I- synapsis and crossing over occur</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Metaphase I- homologous pairs align independently at equator</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Anaphase I- homologous chromosomes separate and move toward poles</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Telophase I- daughter cells are forming and will divide again</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldMudw1-vMCPBP22_xSFRdRkY_mkXDROsMRGeSFKoSKIBIG9CmKRJdXE6iTanWwSzXmxTsWC-kOl7631RdBf2ltzw-lPz9e5HN-Ig4v5Rd1Si4CGgKdX4e02HItplXwjD4UP5DW6wVmU/s1600-h/meiosis11.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldMudw1-vMCPBP22_xSFRdRkY_mkXDROsMRGeSFKoSKIBIG9CmKRJdXE6iTanWwSzXmxTsWC-kOl7631RdBf2ltzw-lPz9e5HN-Ig4v5Rd1Si4CGgKdX4e02HItplXwjD4UP5DW6wVmU/s200/meiosis11.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166901768821314690" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.accessexcellence.org/.<wbr>../images/meiosis.gif<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Meiosis is a part of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm in males and oogenesis, the production of eggs in females.<br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwmqPKFvnYXx6L_J7_C7FdhQ1fzqLDjRlpogucCn4pB7_Fv9G51A3bx-B8MxczbwMQsmy06h6huNbcuhnkk7-QeMwOZOHDy1bKPYYidviWAqXx_30gSqCfb4HDjxfhSqVhrqF8x30JSo/s1600-h/spermoo.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwmqPKFvnYXx6L_J7_C7FdhQ1fzqLDjRlpogucCn4pB7_Fv9G51A3bx-B8MxczbwMQsmy06h6huNbcuhnkk7-QeMwOZOHDy1bKPYYidviWAqXx_30gSqCfb4HDjxfhSqVhrqF8x30JSo/s320/spermoo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166902760958760082" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/<wbr>150/devel/sf45x3.jpg</span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />An individual may be born with too few or too many autosomes or sex chromosomes. This is usually due to nondisjunction during meiosis. If nondisjunction occurs, a person could have trisomy, one type of chromosome present in 3 copies, or monosomy, one type of chromosome is present in a single copy. The most common autosomal trisomy is Down Syndrome, or trisomy 21.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClxFjx0RxlIgBCPNbLwcyPC_nXTw8fGCQTMDJfywqgVfNBn88GMhs4doRPoRHAQ-VTZHDeZtAgfeZA_eT_asXBsN8L4_moks8-2A9jCl4QBtt3NvWjVC97uKU0Z7yFDWOF8-hD0cxp_w/s1600-h/karyotype_Down.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClxFjx0RxlIgBCPNbLwcyPC_nXTw8fGCQTMDJfywqgVfNBn88GMhs4doRPoRHAQ-VTZHDeZtAgfeZA_eT_asXBsN8L4_moks8-2A9jCl4QBtt3NvWjVC97uKU0Z7yFDWOF8-hD0cxp_w/s200/karyotype_Down.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166904912737375394" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >anthro.palomar.edu/.../<wbr>images/karyotype_Down.gif<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Changes in the number of sex chromosomes also result in various</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >sydromes. With Turner Syndrome, an individual has only one sex chromsome, an X. In Klinefelter Sydrome, a male has 2 X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome. Some females have more than 2 X chromosomes and extra Barr bodies in the nucleus. They are referred to as Poly-X females. Jacobs Syndrome results from a chromosome pattern of XYY.<br /><br />Changes in chromosome structure are another type of chromosomal mutation. </span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Deletion- occurs when an end of a chromosome breaks off or when 2 simultaneous breaks lead to the loss of an internal segment</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Duplication- the presence of a chromosomal segment more than once n the same chromosome</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Inversion- a segment of the chromosome is turned around 180 degrees<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Translocation- a movement in the chromosome segment from one chromosome to antother nonhomologous chromosome</span></li></ul><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cancer<br /><br /></span>Cancer encompasses over a hundred different diseases, although differing in type, they have common characteristics.<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lack differentiation<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Have abnormal nuclei and fail to undergo apoptosis</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Have unlimited replicative potential due to telomerase</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Form tumors</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">No need for growth factors and do not respond to inhibitory growth factors</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Gradually become abnormal through a multistage process of initiation, promotion and progression</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Undergo angiogenesis ( the formation of new blood vessels) and metastasis (cells that begin new tumors far from the primary tumor)</span><br /></li></ul><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkh2kO9693d2kBARNagEkXt1UjEpUp2CSIehhH8zX8LJ6fvOdW7yqJMYqB6kFRYkrr83PIVxB5Fj0PF-IFDcTBdPFN3jY7JKlzQciQpwC41_1cAHXHC_rg4xxDf8I2b2HbGsD-ZK0hxQ/s1600-h/bcancer.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPkh2kO9693d2kBARNagEkXt1UjEpUp2CSIehhH8zX8LJ6fvOdW7yqJMYqB6kFRYkrr83PIVxB5Fj0PF-IFDcTBdPFN3jY7JKlzQciQpwC41_1cAHXHC_rg4xxDf8I2b2HbGsD-ZK0hxQ/s200/bcancer.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166911514102109362" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >cache.eb.com/eb/<wbr>image?id=66377&rendTypeId=4</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Cancer is a genetic disease due to mutations on two types of genes: the proto-oncogenes and the tumor-supressing genes. When a proto-oncogenes mutate they become cancer-causing oncogenes. Whatever a proto-oncogene does an oncogene does better. When tumor-supressor genes mutate, they no longer inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdlZ7ypQwnhkSaY7Eb9qD2qSVs88D7SOImxnAPaJX57cKAsiJtY518DsvzNyAYQdXNS5KfZoVyHiDSSBn117J7o_tOShOpV91A2i2H6Pvf_9hhN9Y94hyphenhyphenSYqe1_ocKA00l4OK9z5eMkI/s1600-h/retinoblastoma.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdlZ7ypQwnhkSaY7Eb9qD2qSVs88D7SOImxnAPaJX57cKAsiJtY518DsvzNyAYQdXNS5KfZoVyHiDSSBn117J7o_tOShOpV91A2i2H6Pvf_9hhN9Y94hyphenhyphenSYqe1_ocKA00l4OK9z5eMkI/s200/retinoblastoma.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166913313693406402" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">www.healthofchildren.com/<wbr>images/gech_0001_000...<br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />Oncology is the study of cancer. Tumors are classified to their place of origin. Carcinomas are cancers of the epithelial tissues and adenocarcinomas are cancers of the glandular epithelial cells. Sarcomas are cancers of muscle, bone, and connective tissues. Leukemias are cancers of the blood and lymphomas cancers of the lymphatic tissue. Patterns of cancer development have shown that there are genetic and environmental risk factors for cancers as well as some guidelines that may prevent cancer:<br /><br />Causes of cancer:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hereditary</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Mutagens- an agent which causes mutation</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Carcinogens- a chemical which causes cancer</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Radiation- UV light, radon gas, nuclear fuel/waste, X-rays</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Organic chemicals- tobacco smoke, pollutants</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Viruses- Hep B & C, Epstein-Barr virus, HPV</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Dietary choices- avoid nitrite cure food, avoid obesity and high fat foods<br /></span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Prevention behaviors:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Don't smoke or chew<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Don't sunbathe</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Avoid alcohol</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Avoid radiation</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Get tested for cancer</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Avoid exposure to occupational hazards</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Awareness of hormone replacement therapy</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Vaccines</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Diet which consists of high fiber foods, antioxidents, vegetables</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The earlier cancer is detected, the greater chance of effective treatment. Seven warning signs for cancer: <span style="font-weight: bold;">C</span>hange in bowel or bladder habits, <span style="font-weight: bold;">A</span> sore that does not heal,<span style="font-weight: bold;"> U</span>nusual bleeding or discharge, <span style="font-weight: bold;">T</span>hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, <span style="font-weight: bold;">I</span>ndigestion or difficulty swallowing, <span style="font-weight: bold;">O</span>bvious change in wart or mole, <span style="font-weight: bold;">N</span>agging cough or hoarseness. <span style="font-weight: bold;">CAUTION<br /><br /></span>There are routine screening tests for cancer and self examination, along with regular check ups and blood work from a doctor, prove invaluable. Genetic testing is also available.<br /><br />The treatment of cancer has evolved, but there are standard therapies in use:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Surgery</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Radiation<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chemotherapy, sometimes in conjunction with bone marrow transplants</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Newer treatments involve immunotherapy, p53 gene therapy, and possibly drugs that inhibit angiogenesis.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pattern of Genetic Inheritance<br /><br /></span>A genotype refers to the genes of an individual. Alternative forms of a gene having a different locus on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are alleles. It is customary to designate an allele by a letter which represents a specific trait. A dominant allele is assigned uppercase and a recessive allele lowercase. Alleles occur in pairs and normally an individual has 2 alleles for each trait. A person with 2 dominant alleles has a homozygous dominant genotype. A person with 2 recessive alleles has a homozygous recessive recessive genotype. A person with one of each has a heterozygous genotype. The genotype refers to the genes, the phenotype to the trait or characteristic.<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRUnlYVbRsNbfWf-j_5vrwX99zTtPqHTb3iJFLrUR7hnXASq1xQ-DQyfE7Ecf__c699b9QC6w1vDJUNPpb1iW3Qmwg00tu7OZvpGe0L3AXFJxFe6iEit7SO6Bq1fTNrTU6SpB1LnUZq2M/s1600-h/alleles.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRUnlYVbRsNbfWf-j_5vrwX99zTtPqHTb3iJFLrUR7hnXASq1xQ-DQyfE7Ecf__c699b9QC6w1vDJUNPpb1iW3Qmwg00tu7OZvpGe0L3AXFJxFe6iEit7SO6Bq1fTNrTU6SpB1LnUZq2M/s200/alleles.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166935467134719186" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;">ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/.../<wbr>pics/alleles.gif<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >During gametogenesis, the chromosome number is reduced. A chromosome has 46, a gamete 23. This occurs as a result of meiosis. A monohybrid is an individual that is heterozygous to one pair of alleles. The Punnett sqaure is a tool which helps determine the outcome of genotypes/phenotypes. The genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 and the phenotypic ratio 1:3:1.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-t5dSguaNt4ltJfwa7nAsN23rwtV1lLIPtOdaOTfb-ekl8uCVVR-1pHVb4QmAe11KNsMDs9ci06CTEmZ2R9NdHaaGDGLEErSpLGxjHT5A_Htv3coSIApB6tilKjvpMLjhMKItlk3s8Y0/s1600-h/punnett.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-t5dSguaNt4ltJfwa7nAsN23rwtV1lLIPtOdaOTfb-ekl8uCVVR-1pHVb4QmAe11KNsMDs9ci06CTEmZ2R9NdHaaGDGLEErSpLGxjHT5A_Htv3coSIApB6tilKjvpMLjhMKItlk3s8Y0/s200/punnett.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166941737786971394" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:78%;">trc.ucdavis.edu/.../<wbr>bis10v/week4/punnett.gif<br /><br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Two trait crosses are a bit more complex and more combinations are possible due to the fact that a gamete will receive one short and one long chromosome of either color (paternal and maternal chromosomes.) Homologues separate independently and it does not matter which member of a pair goes into which gamete.<br />A dihybrid cross can form four pair of possible types of gametes. The dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTGZIQ8LGl__OFgCSAqupDmCf1khYpTBt0oM2kXUwLVekyWg9IW9CRdeZqnD6I5tmQzXHH20MjG15jfdTGs2ohyQWbnJj8-dNjlfRAcdjSRpBC_gU1QvqW3lh9BxJOeiu0vWpvb97u1s/s1600-h/indassort.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTGZIQ8LGl__OFgCSAqupDmCf1khYpTBt0oM2kXUwLVekyWg9IW9CRdeZqnD6I5tmQzXHH20MjG15jfdTGs2ohyQWbnJj8-dNjlfRAcdjSRpBC_gU1QvqW3lh9BxJOeiu0vWpvb97u1s/s200/indassort.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166940453591749874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.anselm.edu/.../<wbr>jpitocch/genbio/indassort.JPG<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Genetic disorders can be autosomal dominant: an individual with the alleles AA or Aa will have the disorder, or autosomal recessive: an individual with the alleles aa will have the disorder. Some of the more common autosomal recessive disorders are:<br /><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Tay-sachs- lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase A (Hex A) and the storage of the substrate glycosphingolipid in lysomes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cystic Fibosis- chloride ions fail to pass through a plasma membrane channel protein in cells, which interferes with the function of the lungs and pancreas</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Phenylketonuria (PKU)- affects the nervous system development due to a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Sickle Cell- the red blood cells are not bi-concave disks and have an irregular shape causing anemia, poor circulation, and low resistance to infection</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Some common autosomal dominant disorders are:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Marfan Syndrome- a defect in an elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Huntinton Disease- a neurological disorder that leads to the degeneration of brain cells caused by a mutated copy of the gene for protein, huntintin</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Polygenic traits are governed by several sets of alleles. Each dominant allele codes for a product and therefore the dominant alleles have a quantitative effect on the phenotype. The result is continuous variation of the phenotypes. Skin color is an example of a polygenic trait. </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWGbHv2Ap3czyC9mVjnYbdMrJP4eXTFhEkJZcjVMn_CLD8tiglSAZmtHE58ieVXMbnLR9CIAE0FYmqqRqBHriKZGFqmxDGbYLf0BRO3NVQjELxDyVvOB18VBTWWKg4aScldb2tbCJMiM/s1600-h/skin.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKWGbHv2Ap3czyC9mVjnYbdMrJP4eXTFhEkJZcjVMn_CLD8tiglSAZmtHE58ieVXMbnLR9CIAE0FYmqqRqBHriKZGFqmxDGbYLf0BRO3NVQjELxDyVvOB18VBTWWKg4aScldb2tbCJMiM/s200/skin.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166948029914060050" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >courses.bio.psu.edu/.../<wbr>figure_14_12.gif<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes. Codominance occurs when alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote. When traits are controlled by multiple alleles the gene exists in in several allelic forms.<br /><br />Males and females have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, 1 is the sex chromosome. Traits controlled by the genes on the sex chromosome are sex-linked: an allele on the X chromosome is X-linked, an allele on the Y, Y-linked. Most sex-linked disorders are carried on the X chromosome.<br /><br />Some X-linked recessive disorders are:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Color blindness</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Muscular Dystrophy</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hemophilia</span></li></ul><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3JnJA-arVbFtIsvE6und1W1dG8MTwgLM_SFbk02LB_YZPfK4bcz8EF07BdVz2TWcwYCjMw52XzsmaH_qSz9prtc8AP9U29mMf2epdaoW8Y5sie8bzsUppG8nRcbODFyK1w4J9Fd0W73Q/s1600-h/xlinked.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3JnJA-arVbFtIsvE6und1W1dG8MTwgLM_SFbk02LB_YZPfK4bcz8EF07BdVz2TWcwYCjMw52XzsmaH_qSz9prtc8AP9U29mMf2epdaoW8Y5sie8bzsUppG8nRcbODFyK1w4J9Fd0W73Q/s200/xlinked.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166952419370636578" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.merck.com/.../figures/<wbr>MMHE_01_002_03_eps.gif</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" > </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />DNA Biology and Technology</span><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >DNA is the genetic material and found in the chromosomes. Genetic material must be able to do 3 things: replicate so it can be transmitted to the next generation, store information, and undergo mutations that provide genetic variability.<br /><br />DNA is a double helix, composed of 2 strands that spiral around each other. Each strand is a polynucleotide, because it is composed fo a series of nucleotides: a molecule composed of 3 subunits- phosphoric acid (phosphate), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases of the structure are held together by complementary paired bases. The bases are important to the functioning of DNA and are paired as follows: the purines, Adenine (A) or Guasine (G) with the pyrimidines, Thymine (T) and cytosine (C). The 2 strands of DNA run anti-parallel, or opposite directions.<br /><br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyNm1qc7Og9IuqyfK1uPe6aEiwq1vjyd_BzaMEX4icCClHST1rYW6ODtD9bffgHmdzlr3zQcOtxR6jOZlR8pyr_CgJpCJGkUDpnJLxM6GG3bIsPfbXBt12ET0YWkurOx2x_wMMJUVD2FA/s1600-h/dna1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyNm1qc7Og9IuqyfK1uPe6aEiwq1vjyd_BzaMEX4icCClHST1rYW6ODtD9bffgHmdzlr3zQcOtxR6jOZlR8pyr_CgJpCJGkUDpnJLxM6GG3bIsPfbXBt12ET0YWkurOx2x_wMMJUVD2FA/s320/dna1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166954584034153794" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >cache.eb.com/eb/<wbr>image?id=6520&rendTypeId=4</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The process of copying the DNA helis is called DNA replication. During replication, the double-strand structure allows each origianl strand to serve as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. Rarely, a mutation may occur, causing the sequence of the bases in the new strand different from the parental strand. Usually the error is fixed by enzymes, but that is not always the case.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtHdPiZXHd8rZS9IVo3mjqcUrlZXjm8qRHbu_mt1RQcTJTR8rzO5MDCq1lBdhKvf_Zrcv7S5urwFa_s3H0StO2rJYKQKvxrpC5nTuh015S0XIdPweC9f4_kaQtqaEGKfjP7b9uJZcZO8/s1600-h/DNA+replication.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwtHdPiZXHd8rZS9IVo3mjqcUrlZXjm8qRHbu_mt1RQcTJTR8rzO5MDCq1lBdhKvf_Zrcv7S5urwFa_s3H0StO2rJYKQKvxrpC5nTuh015S0XIdPweC9f4_kaQtqaEGKfjP7b9uJZcZO8/s200/DNA+replication.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166956400805320018" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/<wbr>DNA%20replication.gif<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >RNA is made up of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose. The only difference nucleotide wise in RNA than DNA is that the base thymine (T) was replaced with uracil (U.) RNA is single stranded, but may double back on itself. Complementary base pairing still occurs.<br /><br />Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced in the nucleolus of a nucleus where a portion of DNA serves a template for its formation. rRNA joins with proteins made in the cytoplasm when protein synthesis is about to begin. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produces in the nucleus where the DNA served a a template for its formation. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is produced in the nucleus and transfers amino acids are joined forming a protein.<br /><br />DNA provides the cell with a blueprint for synthesizing the proteins. Proteins are composed of subunits called amino acids. 20 different amino acids are commonly found in the proteins, which are synthesized at the ribosomes. Proteins determine the structure and function of the various cells in the body.<br /><br />The first step in gene expression is transcription: a strand of mRNA forms that is complimentary to a portion of DNA. Transcription means "faithful copy." The second step is translation. Translation means to put the information into a different language. In this case, a sequence of nucleotides is translated into the sequence of amino acids.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz4wOSafjSf7ge9RhogvkyY-B87p2N0cD7nuZvnolQXbCHJWutrZeK6G2i8e3QsB41LLhr56TUJbzlCU92SK0RVAIY5kK2f-Ed8N5eXYUdMe_rTRHiESKWZjoAuHNOpBf4PkZgEYMm094/s1600-h/08_03_gene_expression.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz4wOSafjSf7ge9RhogvkyY-B87p2N0cD7nuZvnolQXbCHJWutrZeK6G2i8e3QsB41LLhr56TUJbzlCU92SK0RVAIY5kK2f-Ed8N5eXYUdMe_rTRHiESKWZjoAuHNOpBf4PkZgEYMm094/s200/08_03_gene_expression.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166977484799776098" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.accessexcellence.org/<wbr>RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_ima...<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">Transcription begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase opens up the DNA helix just in front so that a complementary base pairing can occur. The RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides and an mRNA molecule forms. The mRNA must be processed before entering the cytoplasm. The mRNA becomes mature mRNA. During translation, transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosomes where polypeptide synthesis occurs. Polypeptide syntheis has 3 steps:<br /></span><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Initiation- mRNA binds to the smaller of the 2 ribosomal units;then the larger subunit associates with the smaller one</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Elongation- the polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time, an incoming tRNA amino acid complex arrives at the A site and receives the peptide from the outgoing tRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Termination- occurs at the codon that means stop and does not code for an amino acid, the ribosome dissociates into 2 subunits and falls off the mRNA molecule</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8lHRow9TZDZleDAh7Zoz7mwSSO698S3SqYIDPl6oKIJGye2AspHsIxNYtkNGJfCQkqru69J35kgq0yuY08j3hYDqW5kGn2CeJu5Mwq6rTZabI25hb_WdZjAurXPzUw0YkmuUjV8Unlh0/s1600-h/polypeptide.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8lHRow9TZDZleDAh7Zoz7mwSSO698S3SqYIDPl6oKIJGye2AspHsIxNYtkNGJfCQkqru69J35kgq0yuY08j3hYDqW5kGn2CeJu5Mwq6rTZabI25hb_WdZjAurXPzUw0YkmuUjV8Unlh0/s200/polypeptide.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166981019557860722" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >All cells receive a copy of all genes, however they differ as to which genes are actively expressed. A variety of mechanisms regulate gene expression and they are grouped into four levels:<br /><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Transcriptional control- in the nucleus, a number of mecnanisms regulate which genes are transcribed and the rate at which transcription occurs</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Posttranscriptional control- occurs in the nucleus after DNA is transcribed adn mRNA is formed</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Translational control- occurs in the cytoplasm after the mRNA leaves the nucleus adn before there is a protein product</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Posttranslational control- occurs in the cytoplasm after protein synthesis</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >A person's genome can be modified. Gene therapies such as ex vivo gene therapy or in vivo gene therapy can treat different medical conditions. The human genome has been sequenced as have genomes of other organisms.<br /><br />Functional genomics is the study of how the 25,000 different genes in the human genome function. Comparative genomics is a way to determine how species have evolved and how genes and noncoding regions of the genome function.<br /><br />Protemics is the study of the structure, function, and interaction of cellular proteins. Bioinformatics is the application of computer programs to the study of the genome.<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Citations:<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > Biology Project: Cell Biology. (2008)<span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/cell_bio.html</span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > Folding @ Home Distributed Computing.<span style=""> </span>(2008)<span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><a href="http://folding.stanford.edu/English/Science"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://folding.stanford.edu/English/Science</span></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Hyperphysics:Chemical Bonding. (2008) </span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">h</span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">ttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html</span></span></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> </span></span></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Mader, S. (2008) Exploring Life and Science, Chemistry of Life, Cell Structure and Function, and</span><br /><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > Regulation and Organization of Body Systems. <span style="font-style: italic;">Human Biology, 10th ed.</span> (p 1-84)</span><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Microbiology. (2008) </span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">http://www.scienceprofonline.org/</span></span><br /></div><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-80931686194604527752008-02-15T08:46:00.001-08:002008-02-17T01:43:24.109-08:00Cell Model<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Animal Cell Model<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >This is the model of an animal cell utilizing various beads, gems, ribbons, thread and other craft items. I constructed the cell, along with an example of DNA, RNA, the process of mitosis, and the process of transcription and translation. The project began as this:<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfa8wrGG06SiVBZEKYn-Ggzx72LPPb-CVgwvJcqCpwVmAxnU-N2Vz3CGVisUAmIzqN0ldGEnMQyCws-0YejaDy3itOS-zyO4aeSB-FxFKJXYxrOwLdgD4blZfD8mJdE1jpqE9Ty4Fz4go/s1600-h/cell+001.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfa8wrGG06SiVBZEKYn-Ggzx72LPPb-CVgwvJcqCpwVmAxnU-N2Vz3CGVisUAmIzqN0ldGEnMQyCws-0YejaDy3itOS-zyO4aeSB-FxFKJXYxrOwLdgD4blZfD8mJdE1jpqE9Ty4Fz4go/s320/cell+001.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167250885237970306" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The beginning... </span><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKzHshYp56WlkbUxsaPc2ghHwZG6kJliqiaj-YBXlJKKeCQHOxWbj6RWYpkqokrBdyFJkV_YJS-Y0AIdb5zfPFwiTJsuIapFhcKTKrsujxoBJOE6BoZ0NDMy7ZAIm8j9OOt0B7pAXnW40/s1600-h/cell+002.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKzHshYp56WlkbUxsaPc2ghHwZG6kJliqiaj-YBXlJKKeCQHOxWbj6RWYpkqokrBdyFJkV_YJS-Y0AIdb5zfPFwiTJsuIapFhcKTKrsujxoBJOE6BoZ0NDMy7ZAIm8j9OOt0B7pAXnW40/s320/cell+002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167251452173653394" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >and continues...<br /><br />My cell consists of the following:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cell - large white styrofoam disc<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cell membrane- dark purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Ribosomes- small pink gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lysosomes- dark purple gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Vesicles- light purple gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Endoplasmic Reticulum- folded purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Golgi Apparatus- folded light purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Mitochondria- striated pink glass beads</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Centrosome- red star</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Microtubules (cilia, flagella)- toothpicks</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nucleus- small white styrofoam disc</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nuclear membrane-compiled dark purple ribbon with light purple dotted overlay (for nuclear pores)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nucleolus- black button<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chromatin- purple thread</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chromosomes- purple and blue pipe cleaners</span></li></ul><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhQ-B7OkaAJNWTGj1X1ET7Mbv2UZVid9Mi3OfIuFDEBKwFRI6WvzJosZvNVycL_Cqvsm9SlGN6uJn8YpyVM7yNfCtEJtzmrBZHSMj_lRMjjttGWju7HjDd2xSyjNqlufLyQxJCPQZbeV8/s1600-h/cell+015.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhQ-B7OkaAJNWTGj1X1ET7Mbv2UZVid9Mi3OfIuFDEBKwFRI6WvzJosZvNVycL_Cqvsm9SlGN6uJn8YpyVM7yNfCtEJtzmrBZHSMj_lRMjjttGWju7HjDd2xSyjNqlufLyQxJCPQZbeV8/s200/cell+015.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167254158003049890" border="0" /></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLdYMkJ36Ln0ZNHnERwJNAdEgYStHlEnSA2mqtmfBW_0Jn1u7FuDlVU4RfUPu3hlCA-NKr8u4ocPmSbi9fHu93daMRAGrUVErsZsee0LPUNXnI_pY95cuCI1W6tSiHQ6mEjBoGQZJl9Q/s1600-h/cell+016.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLdYMkJ36Ln0ZNHnERwJNAdEgYStHlEnSA2mqtmfBW_0Jn1u7FuDlVU4RfUPu3hlCA-NKr8u4ocPmSbi9fHu93daMRAGrUVErsZsee0LPUNXnI_pY95cuCI1W6tSiHQ6mEjBoGQZJl9Q/s200/cell+016.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167254617564550578" border="0" /></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYTHyPjyWPLz2NEGhXXkPLWzdn6KAssTHaUv9oeQ-clJ5IF9J6tpJ5n2T8XuELPcgT0BTOk39WnYeZZbPX3i1cbsFQKItyvr4kZI-nwMvM3BHZCuf7R-5ZvLslvP7pOAs66Zr_x1b5eY/s1600-h/cell+017.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYTHyPjyWPLz2NEGhXXkPLWzdn6KAssTHaUv9oeQ-clJ5IF9J6tpJ5n2T8XuELPcgT0BTOk39WnYeZZbPX3i1cbsFQKItyvr4kZI-nwMvM3BHZCuf7R-5ZvLslvP7pOAs66Zr_x1b5eY/s200/cell+017.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167255025586443714" border="0" /></a><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-438UiqxY0mWE7A4IHObDbLEZ8kvTYfRiCtcy6jNRjE-jehLfmWSG8UljxI_NmtXS2m1F9BEq3qeLq8MFgLk26mtS8U6g3junSmDPs9i7eugikMTXcbWZpuAGoD09ncW8Q84SLHyVhg/s1600-h/cell+018.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-438UiqxY0mWE7A4IHObDbLEZ8kvTYfRiCtcy6jNRjE-jehLfmWSG8UljxI_NmtXS2m1F9BEq3qeLq8MFgLk26mtS8U6g3junSmDPs9i7eugikMTXcbWZpuAGoD09ncW8Q84SLHyVhg/s200/cell+018.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167255390658663890" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Prior to completing the cell model, I constructed the following pictures to represent the following, as I could not fit them into my completed cell model:<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_y7dMu2AMVX0XZpE6D6rX_NgVs2w31vZXsCnVQpM8zz0ey74xXxwZON7Jyj1iRnfUsgjXYU85j0qzsTm3SCzslFMFEesGmDLdUEDhppFanhrVCK3mGtfE_-SGj7dgQmdgHoG041lmaU/s1600-h/cell+010.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4_y7dMu2AMVX0XZpE6D6rX_NgVs2w31vZXsCnVQpM8zz0ey74xXxwZON7Jyj1iRnfUsgjXYU85j0qzsTm3SCzslFMFEesGmDLdUEDhppFanhrVCK3mGtfE_-SGj7dgQmdgHoG041lmaU/s320/cell+010.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167256378501141986" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">DNA Ladder Structure<br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Although normally a double helix, the above picture represents DNA in ladder structure:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">White buttons- phosphates</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pink gems- deoxyribose sugar</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blue gems- thymine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Yellow gems- adenine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Red Gems- cytosine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Green gems- guanine</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Notice that the strands are antiparallel.<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLO1LjaSuobyBJ-sxFXPA_A1LGleBNEp6jNivU2rQGM6-kI130fxwJWhy92S-SXTZjvZcq74H5GNp7tJuZsWXOx8agxMTwfau6byinzG26vNZAJ-KdTo4C8DUX_EnEK4-3gzMFgQndVS8/s1600-h/cell+011.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLO1LjaSuobyBJ-sxFXPA_A1LGleBNEp6jNivU2rQGM6-kI130fxwJWhy92S-SXTZjvZcq74H5GNp7tJuZsWXOx8agxMTwfau6byinzG26vNZAJ-KdTo4C8DUX_EnEK4-3gzMFgQndVS8/s320/cell+011.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167258594704266738" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">Structure of RNA</span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />The above picture represents RNA:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">White buttons- phosphate</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pink gems- ribose</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Green gems- guanine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple gems- uracil (instead of thymine in DNA)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Yellow gems- adenine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Red gems- cytosine</span></li></ul><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >The following pictures represent transcription and translation:<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBV70NObfYe_heygA08xOX44tTWSfXce_P3ol1YSNRP2UO9nhn_JDWF-a4w44UYqqRB2grklB0xcF3uXxz0XULbKCQuWwHa-Lr7YbZ3YK-pfx0L0yKOLu2PcQ34X-hMCHTZqE4WcSnkyY/s1600-h/cell+012.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBV70NObfYe_heygA08xOX44tTWSfXce_P3ol1YSNRP2UO9nhn_JDWF-a4w44UYqqRB2grklB0xcF3uXxz0XULbKCQuWwHa-Lr7YbZ3YK-pfx0L0yKOLu2PcQ34X-hMCHTZqE4WcSnkyY/s200/cell+012.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167262992750777874" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Transcription</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />Transcription occurs within the nucleus. The DNA molecule serves as a template for RNA. The mRNA is processed prior to leaving the nucleus. The mRNA leaves the nucleus a mature mRNA through the disintegrating nuclear membrane.<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Green pipe cleaner -DNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple pipe cleaner- mRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Green gems- guanine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Red gems- cytosine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Yellow gems- adenine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple gems- uracil</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blue gems- thymine</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">White area- nucleus<br /></span></li></ul><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />Translation occurs outside the nucleus:<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQI7adt0Niw6lTrBCe0URLztDw7HJCJ6aEXAZ_jB_XMwuqbn7RKACjVUJeajJXPgrCtr-mUr0ROKkpGZEqc9ZrefBh5qknOeuPglqMv1a3jyh1qkCEvOQhWAxg0ZoAQs2WOQs2336Xbk/s1600-h/cell+022.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQI7adt0Niw6lTrBCe0URLztDw7HJCJ6aEXAZ_jB_XMwuqbn7RKACjVUJeajJXPgrCtr-mUr0ROKkpGZEqc9ZrefBh5qknOeuPglqMv1a3jyh1qkCEvOQhWAxg0ZoAQs2WOQs2336Xbk/s200/cell+022.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167263538211624482" border="0" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >mRNA moving into cytoplasm to ribosomes<br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">White button- nuclear pore</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple pipe cleaner- mRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Coconut doughnut- small and large ribosomal subunits</span></li></ul><br /></div><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaTTCrUWzM8Q5FPu8Qwhtg493lWrg9phDwY-ta0n3z-rsyup0tpwFlyWL95PerQev5_RlXCFljMF96gGh5tuXIDy6jcypPE0J-oNljqKBFeDmWB8bf_dtUaC9dnUTTHvaI7ifPF9TlZbY/s1600-h/cell+024.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaTTCrUWzM8Q5FPu8Qwhtg493lWrg9phDwY-ta0n3z-rsyup0tpwFlyWL95PerQev5_RlXCFljMF96gGh5tuXIDy6jcypPE0J-oNljqKBFeDmWB8bf_dtUaC9dnUTTHvaI7ifPF9TlZbY/s200/cell+024.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167265329212986946" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >tRNA<br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Oblong green gems- tRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Red-Yellow-Purple gem chain- anticodon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Blue gem/yellow gem- peptides<br /></span></li></ul><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">tRNAs with anticodons carry amino acids to mRNA. Inside the ribosomal subunits, the anticodon-codon base pairing occurs and the polypeptide synthesis takes place one amino acid at a time.<br /><br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjb-zREGRdg9dF6wruZmkVbvcl_ZSdIE1vq_-TOcQeN4t4K8ZGtwV_55aU13_GkXvZ6oM6ZCGJRgNz8p87OPoeBl5sgxPHO5WOSjQOOVuZr5lKdR1ZH1bC11ytZwZ_MPYpF94FYm22eQ/s1600-h/cell+025.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjb-zREGRdg9dF6wruZmkVbvcl_ZSdIE1vq_-TOcQeN4t4K8ZGtwV_55aU13_GkXvZ6oM6ZCGJRgNz8p87OPoeBl5sgxPHO5WOSjQOOVuZr5lKdR1ZH1bC11ytZwZ_MPYpF94FYm22eQ/s200/cell+025.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167266583343437394" border="0" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Translation<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">White area- cytoplasm</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Coconut doughnut- ribosome</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Large purple beads strung together- peptides</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple pipe cleaner- mRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Oblong green gems- tRNA</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Bottom row of gems along purple pipe cleaner grouped in 3's- codons</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Group of gems by 3's near the green oblong gem- anticodons<br /></span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Mitosis is duplication division. The following pictures represent mitosis:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple and blue pipe cleaners-chromosomes/sister chromatids<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Purple thread- Chromatin</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Brown thread- spindle fibers</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pink gems- spindle poles</span></li></ul><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13XMAGj2zHeJtvZwVsRTq1lj0L0ishzB4E8ebefyYUDDNCToCZQ_D5ykQsVj9dk5MHrCH8fije-5vZs9i03hIOzy8QqH9tHNbh6GTEPbbemrzQMM3w8qh4ctLQr6MG6fozlqX3jwjbqM/s1600-h/cell+004.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13XMAGj2zHeJtvZwVsRTq1lj0L0ishzB4E8ebefyYUDDNCToCZQ_D5ykQsVj9dk5MHrCH8fije-5vZs9i03hIOzy8QqH9tHNbh6GTEPbbemrzQMM3w8qh4ctLQr6MG6fozlqX3jwjbqM/s200/cell+004.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167271505375958658" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Early prophase-centrosomes have duplicated, chromatin is condensing</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98weQMNvmHZjkD3W6LaP4-YVwYT_wu4vdNRGjYy7ASuIaW9e9UTSaSvJ4IfDLK-0-yg0v2x3uWwpCmmxXF_9KXKwy3ZYfSGXsmsZuBETE3XGqbbjSlqloRi6g7eGGC7TQ4PrxewmjZQo/s1600-h/cell+005.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi98weQMNvmHZjkD3W6LaP4-YVwYT_wu4vdNRGjYy7ASuIaW9e9UTSaSvJ4IfDLK-0-yg0v2x3uWwpCmmxXF_9KXKwy3ZYfSGXsmsZuBETE3XGqbbjSlqloRi6g7eGGC7TQ4PrxewmjZQo/s200/cell+005.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167270788116420210" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Prophase- nucleolus has disappeared and duplicated chromosomes are visible, spindle in the process of forming<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibakz4udvNxW1XoYqCIO4SC2eO7UTS4-1YUZD7xDBhe9Ew7IsFCK4L0y7as7FfgO4d9x79rhyphenhyphenQbnI2Jsj0yANFNFlUU6-Joa_8JsuJeWSMrrzFR3D087KassrFNzAWTrtOiCmgWoxokt8/s1600-h/cell+006.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibakz4udvNxW1XoYqCIO4SC2eO7UTS4-1YUZD7xDBhe9Ew7IsFCK4L0y7as7FfgO4d9x79rhyphenhyphenQbnI2Jsj0yANFNFlUU6-Joa_8JsuJeWSMrrzFR3D087KassrFNzAWTrtOiCmgWoxokt8/s200/cell+006.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167272261290202770" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Early metaphase- each chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber, spindle fibers stretch from each pole and overlap<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCX7NwW5IUdX_8Hujzp6LLGvxDrihBR6brDKHb91FSXHF_BHDQKmWTlSO-t4Otxlr2LfBmIsUhzgExGMHKuZSKmt9O95OrzfKKuEq1TgTwT8ev4Xm2Xh_4wuJZ-riRUxKzmuyXtcdP6xg/s1600-h/cell+007.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCX7NwW5IUdX_8Hujzp6LLGvxDrihBR6brDKHb91FSXHF_BHDQKmWTlSO-t4Otxlr2LfBmIsUhzgExGMHKuZSKmt9O95OrzfKKuEq1TgTwT8ev4Xm2Xh_4wuJZ-riRUxKzmuyXtcdP6xg/s200/cell+007.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167272948484970146" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Metaphase-centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the equator, spindle fibers are attached to the sister chromatids come from opposite spindle poles<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tUVFXmNmrxfqrOscHySLAhcapYuBDcDNijb552kXMe9mBVpiTjh0tvoJ_MMiOKKHmgBxakt_h-Y_lx7yCGoytTS17Cxite0-vmqIG1yqbrAch2AlD8QIImFvbqUnLDf4JxBLHnNTemQ/s1600-h/cell+008.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tUVFXmNmrxfqrOscHySLAhcapYuBDcDNijb552kXMe9mBVpiTjh0tvoJ_MMiOKKHmgBxakt_h-Y_lx7yCGoytTS17Cxite0-vmqIG1yqbrAch2AlD8QIImFvbqUnLDf4JxBLHnNTemQ/s200/cell+008.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167273554075358898" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Anaphase-sister chromatids part and become daughter chromosomes that move toward spindle poles (obviously the cells would still be pulling apart and not separate yet)<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7894IiWhfsgSUj-UQNbwxrRAGbv1j6Hk_Cxpbm3s_9ObeA7Ms05qtXpt1qbvnus027E2Hywv6yOhtt3JEcgmYTCSk2rv9PKG-5GW5G6fhAvLyd05D_4C4mtbvBior_31XYt5RstcpNTk/s1600-h/cell+009.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7894IiWhfsgSUj-UQNbwxrRAGbv1j6Hk_Cxpbm3s_9ObeA7Ms05qtXpt1qbvnus027E2Hywv6yOhtt3JEcgmYTCSk2rv9PKG-5GW5G6fhAvLyd05D_4C4mtbvBior_31XYt5RstcpNTk/s200/cell+009.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167274198320453314" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Telophase-daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear<br /><br /><br />The final product...<br /><br /></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicP8wPw5nLaEidJqcN8r65p_mKrKPqar4g7acuuJJwQWZuHrUMCnTRZPm30mzcU3C26xol9fmGpKBLdCvr0yKd__2VZPoEtXbxZWeDUtLNd3KFks8UX2s1iFRsEsVhHYYpU8aRHIvX0RE/s1600-h/cell+020.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicP8wPw5nLaEidJqcN8r65p_mKrKPqar4g7acuuJJwQWZuHrUMCnTRZPm30mzcU3C26xol9fmGpKBLdCvr0yKd__2VZPoEtXbxZWeDUtLNd3KFks8UX2s1iFRsEsVhHYYpU8aRHIvX0RE/s400/cell+020.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167275074493781730" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Animal cell completion with key<br /><br /><br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ></span><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxNNZPpz5wjv1Txs816xhkpuKvZ9nnuflxujEnwpXYZwbl7neD9dKdRpHFil8wWNi5rFu2PL-w9ACW9tHg8yXrZLpd6kJdj6ss_A042EP7P9Ik5iE371n7T_W05neQaQag9uJkfQBzhY/s1600-h/cell+019.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbxNNZPpz5wjv1Txs816xhkpuKvZ9nnuflxujEnwpXYZwbl7neD9dKdRpHFil8wWNi5rFu2PL-w9ACW9tHg8yXrZLpd6kJdj6ss_A042EP7P9Ik5iE371n7T_W05neQaQag9uJkfQBzhY/s400/cell+019.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167277479675467506" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Completed cell<br /><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cell - large white styrofoam disc<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cell membrane- dark purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Ribosomes- small pink gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Lysosomes- dark purple gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Vesicles- light purple gems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Endoplasmic Reticulum- folded purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Golgi Apparatus- folded light purple ribbon</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Mitochondria- striated pink glass beads</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Centrosome- red star</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Microtubules (cilia, flagella)- toothpicks</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nucleus- small white styrofoam disc</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nuclear membrane-compiled dark purple ribbon with light purple dotted overlay (for nuclear pores)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Nucleolus- black button<br /></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chromatin- purple thread</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Chromosomes- purple and blue pipe cleaners</span></li></ul><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW45NwCtSpfsfIBU3wepMfq7ZqxJIH7wI9hg2SdqyGsDj3llD8OgOS_L_fB2VcRS6XQQQA4bPrVPxvPtP8L2-Z8uCSb8VrYlUsjF470oy4RvCd0Q6XgOxSTIdKt7nBtsAo15YALJhHSxw/s1600-h/cell+014.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW45NwCtSpfsfIBU3wepMfq7ZqxJIH7wI9hg2SdqyGsDj3llD8OgOS_L_fB2VcRS6XQQQA4bPrVPxvPtP8L2-Z8uCSb8VrYlUsjF470oy4RvCd0Q6XgOxSTIdKt7nBtsAo15YALJhHSxw/s400/cell+014.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167278141100431106" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >View of cell showing cell membrane and nuclear membrane</span><br /></div></div></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-90504074363639956712008-02-17T00:39:00.000-08:002008-02-17T01:41:43.255-08:00Online Lab Activity<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBxTqIk4uyauW9ylH_b5ntjW96ebQP_hnxRlMPz28ZHErBtkaG2gtVq3HFrIh1qFuR9Dwuvt-YW3Y-6w5Bop5IGcrtuGeeD9L7S-i_KzFUO43C1iZusRDutwsWk6_onqffE9gt8zywrNk/s1600-h/onion+cell.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBxTqIk4uyauW9ylH_b5ntjW96ebQP_hnxRlMPz28ZHErBtkaG2gtVq3HFrIh1qFuR9Dwuvt-YW3Y-6w5Bop5IGcrtuGeeD9L7S-i_KzFUO43C1iZusRDutwsWk6_onqffE9gt8zywrNk/s400/onion+cell.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167867758505793314" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: left;">onion cell at 40x magnification<br /></div><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects. The development of microscopes opened the field of science to a whole new dimension. Scientists discovered microorganisms, cellular structure, and the smallest parts of plants and animals on the planet, and more importantly, viruses. Dating as far back as 2600 b.c., rock crystal artifacts found in the shape of convex lenses were found. Over time, the progression for the use of lenses in scientific work continued until the late 1500's.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Zacharias and Hans Janssen are credited with the production of the first microscope around 1595. The first compound microscope had a 3x-9x magnification. Robert Hooke continued research on the initial premise and improved the compound microscope around1660. Anton Leeuwenhoek built a simple one lens microscope in during the late 1600's and early 1700's. They were reportedly the best in his time. In 1873, Ernst Leitz developed a microscope with a revolving nose piece for objectives. Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska built the first electron microscope in 1931 and 2 years later Ruska increased the magnification of the electron microscope to higher levels than the complound light microscope.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">There are different types of microscopes: compound-light, dissection, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TES.) The compound light microscopes are light illuminated. The image seen with this type of microscope is two dimensional. This microscope is the most commonly used. You can view individual cells, even living ones. It has high magnification. However, it has a low resolution. A dissection microscope is light illuminated. The image that appears is three dimensional. It is used for dissection to get a better look at the larger specimen. You cannot see individual cells because it has a low magnification. SEM use electron illumination. The image is seen in 3-D. It has high magnification and high resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you and exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are in black and white. TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D view. Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass through this. It has high magnification and high resolution.</span><br /><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7gHf5K9CpC-Sas8RLb6xAfIcBYHzMktFou9c6Fh09XaKqgzkSCqST8J08Ppe8M7YBd5umVa4v_cTTfMyl-zhuxu91PejtcrvkFY_xrFK1_P3BF6VFN7kJ46ve7x5jGekK518xpJCgDQs/s1600-h/light.microscope.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7gHf5K9CpC-Sas8RLb6xAfIcBYHzMktFou9c6Fh09XaKqgzkSCqST8J08Ppe8M7YBd5umVa4v_cTTfMyl-zhuxu91PejtcrvkFY_xrFK1_P3BF6VFN7kJ46ve7x5jGekK518xpJCgDQs/s400/light.microscope.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5167875407842547506" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >fig.cox.miami.edu/.../<wbr>light.microscope.gif<br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The parts of a microscope:</span><br /><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/eyepiecebodytbe.html">Eyepiece</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/objectivesstgeclps.html">Objectives</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/baseadjknobspwr.html">Fine Adjustment Knob</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/baseadjknobspwr.html">Power Switch</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/StageLight.html">Stage</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/Diaphragm.html">Diaphragm</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/baseadjknobspwr.html">Base</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/eyepiecebodytbe.html">Body Tube</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/nosepieceaper.html">Nosepiece</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/objectivesstgeclps.html">Stage Clips</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/armstpstgeclpaper.html">Stage Stop</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/baseadjknobspwr.html">Coarse Adjustment Knob</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/nosepieceaper.html">Aperture</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/armstpstgeclpaper.html">Arm</a></span> </li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.southwestschools.org/jsfaculty/Microscopes/StageLight.html">Light Source</a></span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">To utilize a microscope you must first turn on the light and adjust the rheostat. The stage of the microscope is the area of the microscope where the slide is placed utilizing stage clips to hold the slide securely. The ocular housing is turned to select the magnification lens. The specimen is centered over the iris and the course adjustment knob is used to set the stage as high as it will go. You must adjust the oculars of the microscope while looking through them to view your specimen. The course focus knob is used while looking through the microscope on low power with the stage at the top until the image appears. The fine focus knob is used to clarify the image and the iris diaphragm to adjust the light. The objective lenses have different magnifications and the and the focus and iris diaphragm must be adjusted to compensate for the different magnifications. If the focus knobs and iris diaphragm are not utilized properly, the image quality will be poor, if the image is visible at all.</span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-49202407693559049302008-02-07T07:44:00.000-08:002008-02-13T13:35:43.913-08:00Compendium Review-Cells and Genetics<span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div id="outer-wrapper"><div id="wrap2"><div id="content-wrapper"><div id="main-wrapper"><div class="main section" id="main"><div class="widget Blog" id="Blog1"><div class="blog-posts hfeed"><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Table of Contents</span><br /></div><div class="post-body entry-content"><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Exploring Life And Science</span> </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Chemistry of Life</span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;"> Cell Structure and Function</span> <span style="font-style: italic;"> Organization</span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Organization and Regulation of Body Systems<br /><br /><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Exploring Life and Science<br /><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Biology</span> is the scientific study of life and human biology is a specialty in this field. Human beings are part of the natural world. All living things share the characteristics of life:</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); text-align: left;"><ul><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >are organized, from atoms to the biosphere</span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > take materials and energy from the environment</span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >reproduce</span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >grow and develop from fertilization to death<br /></span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > are homeostatic</span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > respond to stimuli</span></li><li><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > have an evolutionary history and have adapted modifications to a particular way of life</span></li></ul></ul><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > </span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7MsRvzX-52NhqG_pegjvmxHU6dlyTsiWj-_LtflEpAGgC3ZVFBwJQ3iljGFKXTJbZTWCxve_wvx2H8pLjP6_nb0yPxcV4Fww_q9FMPdc-qmJVBFDTOGNoO5ND8TbXI2EA4RUwm3YmL8/s1600-h/EarthBlueMarbleWestTerra.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7MsRvzX-52NhqG_pegjvmxHU6dlyTsiWj-_LtflEpAGgC3ZVFBwJQ3iljGFKXTJbZTWCxve_wvx2H8pLjP6_nb0yPxcV4Fww_q9FMPdc-qmJVBFDTOGNoO5ND8TbXI2EA4RUwm3YmL8/s200/EarthBlueMarbleWestTerra.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164281356633824546" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b><a href="http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/TerraAqua/TerraStory.html" target="_top">www.spacetoday.org/.../<wbr>TerraAqua/TerraStory.html</a></b></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Atoms </span>join together to form molecules that make up cells. A <span style="font-weight: bold;">cell</span> is the smallest structural a</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >nd functional unit of an organism. Human beings are multicellular: composed of many different types of cells. A tissue is a group of cells that perform a particular function. Several types of tissue make up an organ and each organ </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >belongs to an organ system. Organisms are a collection of of organ systems.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > Levels of biological organization extend beyond the individual. A <span style="font-weight: bold;">species</span> is a group of interbreeding organisms in a particular area that belong to a population. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Populations</span> of various animals and plants make up a community. The community of populations interact with the physical environment to form an ecosystem and in turn, all the ecosystems of earth form the biosphere.</span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34ncHcHQuqFA_0UXH81z8oQAJ3atv7U4tEppfVKJRXhKnWxH8fyS9jEtBbfHchO2DZnDwUpjH0ffgu0G-_yMY_eUU7SFH3vnve7evtGWKs4tG3aiG4rJJ9mHMN3adbb5KsVAHAUheIWg/s1600-h/dna.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34ncHcHQuqFA_0UXH81z8oQAJ3atv7U4tEppfVKJRXhKnWxH8fyS9jEtBbfHchO2DZnDwUpjH0ffgu0G-_yMY_eUU7SFH3vnve7evtGWKs4tG3aiG4rJJ9mHMN3adbb5KsVAHAUheIWg/s200/dna.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164283701685968178" border="0" /></a></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Reproduction</span> is a fundamental characteristic of life. Living thi</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >ngs reproduce and create a copy of themselves. The presence of genes in the form of DNA allow cells and organisms to reproduce. <span style="font-weight: bold;">DNA</span> contains the hereditary information that direct the cell structures and the metabolism, all the chemical reactions in the cell. DNA replicates so exact copies of genes are passed to the offspring.</span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >www.scq.ubc.ca/<wbr>wp-content/dna.gif</span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Development in humans includes the changes from egg fertilization until death. Development also encompasses repair that takes place after an injury.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Organs maintain <span style="font-weight: bold;">homeostasis</span>: an internal environment that varies within certain limits. All systems of the human body assist in maintaining homeostasis. Living things respond to external stimuli, often by moving toward or away from the stimuli. Homeostasis would be impossible with</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >out the body's ability to respond to stimuli.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Evolution</span> is the process by which a species changes through time. Adaption is the process by which the species changes, by each successive generation, to variation. Evolution has been ongoing since the origin of time and will continue.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Living things are classified into three domains: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria</span>. Domain Eukarya contains four kingdoms: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Animalia</span> (including humans,) <span style="font-weight: bold;">Plantae, Fungi, and Protista</span>.</span><br /><br /></div><div style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5utrRPLaIAinIdpvkcV5UTxtWlZo7Vkn36gDzBiyXVfw7Zexkks9L3ZfMpqhIiqdw29d8cgO69LLU4V8qU3rbvw08-QhcZEiRGvG9qCKKioufTwIdJVJJshJ-XWMcKuh93VCDj-YdxQ/s1600-h/domain.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5utrRPLaIAinIdpvkcV5UTxtWlZo7Vkn36gDzBiyXVfw7Zexkks9L3ZfMpqhIiqdw29d8cgO69LLU4V8qU3rbvw08-QhcZEiRGvG9qCKKioufTwIdJVJJshJ-XWMcKuh93VCDj-YdxQ/s200/domain.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164277735976394002" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153); text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >faculty.southwest.tn.edu/<wbr>rburkett/classi6.jpg</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" > Culture encompasses human activity and products that are passed on from one generation to the next. Among animals, only humans have a language that allows us to communicate information and experiences symbolically.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifH9JT0J0Q_FuArEzR-TAhvufZ8YQ0vjDM2R4gEzmo7EJa2zxnFX9oWhN8x_U5_8ZcfjcXs0UqCi5Aw3kvCCLu4zGyp9RLArnaMgvQ4ygv86CNcUaMvKqYuqeP1z2Oo1hkyhYPtH_P08w/s1600-h/biodiversity_440.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifH9JT0J0Q_FuArEzR-TAhvufZ8YQ0vjDM2R4gEzmo7EJa2zxnFX9oWhN8x_U5_8ZcfjcXs0UqCi5Aw3kvCCLu4zGyp9RLArnaMgvQ4ygv86CNcUaMvKqYuqeP1z2Oo1hkyhYPtH_P08w/s200/biodiversity_440.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164285024535895362" border="0" /></a></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >All living things on Earth are part of the <span style="font-weight: bold;">biosphere</span>: a living network that spans the surface of th</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >e</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"> earth from the atmosphere to the soil and sea. The human population tends to modify existing ecosystems for their own purpose. Almost all natural ecosystems are altered by human activities, reducing biodiversity. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Extinction </span>is the death of a species or larger group of organisms.<br /><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/living/environment/biodiversity.aspx</span></span><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Science is a way of knowing about the natural world. Scientists aim to be objective, rather than subjective. Scientific theories are concepts that tell us about order and pattern within the natural world. Evolution is the unifying concept of biology.<br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnbL1fXIUO-lvZsdqVkK38Aq2n7znOMy9EH3mPpp3m3C8tbqdRQuNz1PmVaofoNLHHz3zp3dFhEhvWUqx6-1pykR291tsBAVNb0LQ13R6BiPPdFFc_p_jKe18411V5Yg6OJG_1s07aho/s1600-h/evolution.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnbL1fXIUO-lvZsdqVkK38Aq2n7znOMy9EH3mPpp3m3C8tbqdRQuNz1PmVaofoNLHHz3zp3dFhEhvWUqx6-1pykR291tsBAVNb0LQ13R6BiPPdFFc_p_jKe18411V5Yg6OJG_1s07aho/s200/evolution.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164287743250193762" border="0" /></a></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://brasilmagic.wordpress.com/2007/10/<br /></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWxVyn2OBKEfbZfaw0fxMtMhiHC8gZ7Jo85i1Z8ArTMNMRMSRcdC8hYxWc8YtUN7eP6habGvqIZe6_J-c008wxcEbjWYX5CMvdHiex3JtHkjsoLEezNlYNWTVTKUbvfrFa9yFByozk8qw/s1600-h/overview_scientific_method2.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWxVyn2OBKEfbZfaw0fxMtMhiHC8gZ7Jo85i1Z8ArTMNMRMSRcdC8hYxWc8YtUN7eP6habGvqIZe6_J-c008wxcEbjWYX5CMvdHiex3JtHkjsoLEezNlYNWTVTKUbvfrFa9yFByozk8qw/s200/overview_scientific_method2.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164289654510640498" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Scientific information is acquired through the process of the scientific method. The scientific method has five steps: observation, hypothesis, experiment/observations, conclusion, and scientific theories. Scientists perform controlled experiments to test their hypothesis and upon conclusion, publish their results.<br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentoring/project_scientific_method.shtml</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">When evaluating scientific studies, consider the type of data which supports the information. Graphs and statistical data are important, as is the methodology of the study.<br /><br />Science is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge. Scientists should avoid value judgments of experiments. Modern technology has risks and everyone should make informed decisions regarding how and when technology should be used.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Chemistry of Life</span><br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi298Ciryp9r2EYCNalTXEl7KAlvDEeKnlVU-tf5UBmLjKs_2R3cZkpL3sFwhp6cQUgaxGdGMNCFgLOYHCnoIwpMfmQl9b9QfaqRN0t0JooEu8mgIFI6l7WY7L-BUkSEPWNWFSW47HNsYM/s1600-h/Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi298Ciryp9r2EYCNalTXEl7KAlvDEeKnlVU-tf5UBmLjKs_2R3cZkpL3sFwhp6cQUgaxGdGMNCFgLOYHCnoIwpMfmQl9b9QfaqRN0t0JooEu8mgIFI6l7WY7L-BUkSEPWNWFSW47HNsYM/s200/Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164294731161984386" border="0" /></a><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Matter</span> refers to anything that takes up space and has mass. An <span style="font-weight: bold;">element</span> is one of the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. An <span style="font-weight: bold;">atom</span> is the smallest unit of element that retains the chemical and physical properties of the element.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm</span><br /><br /><br />The subatomic particles of an atom located in the nucleus are the protons and neutrons. The<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>electrons orbit around the nucleus shell. Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. The atomic number for an element tell you how many protons there are. The atomic mass for an atom allows you to determine the number of neutrons.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMBIXNAHfrLV3j4i-4tfaqYlCHh8KF80btjPWW8Sq2pL0Mw54tsxFcMPfFLo5DD8d74SogeZiZf15YXUCtLpA19RDBp_KHg6ct-okLnVjA5rGPtzcgr_ei6hT4vNMRN3a8myJ3kSsnShA/s1600-h/atom_struct1.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMBIXNAHfrLV3j4i-4tfaqYlCHh8KF80btjPWW8Sq2pL0Mw54tsxFcMPfFLo5DD8d74SogeZiZf15YXUCtLpA19RDBp_KHg6ct-okLnVjA5rGPtzcgr_ei6hT4vNMRN3a8myJ3kSsnShA/s200/atom_struct1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164299210812874130" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIsvD1huuZbw81CpYVsSixDdklpXv0T5jo860r1-QavFVoVz3wSnjNyEze3hyphenhyphen0KZODruBPjzpu7y3g6zTqFtFyFx96Pi17pF54MY4w1aFjqTnXZT8jlTC88LDOmcDE9ji5S24zIztVJM/s1600-h/atom_structure2_240x180.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 171px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIsvD1huuZbw81CpYVsSixDdklpXv0T5jo860r1-QavFVoVz3wSnjNyEze3hyphenhyphen0KZODruBPjzpu7y3g6zTqFtFyFx96Pi17pF54MY4w1aFjqTnXZT8jlTC88LDOmcDE9ji5S24zIztVJM/s200/atom_structure2_240x180.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164300250194959778" border="0" /></a></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-5.jpg" alt="" /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><br /></span></span> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_structure.html</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" >http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_structure.html <br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><br />Isotopes of the same type of atom differ in the number of neutrons, therefore mass. Radioisotopes release radiation during the breakdown of the isotope. Different levels of radiation play a part in biology from tracer isotopes to the destruction of malignant cells.<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:verdana;">Atoms bond with one another to form molecules. There are two different types of bonding: ionic bonding and covalent bonding. During ionic bonding, atoms give up or take electrons in order to achieve a stable outer shell. During covalent bonding the atoms share electrons.</span><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8btkv0MaOApE8OrUx_FKgrlywF8S_5CxGqrN9BxHNJVYvNZx1cUh6RhAMxt_FEUjHr2vWKPzovL3h1OQgn5-Mu_fukJ9x8t74G_x35qvJCak9mmANGqaM91R7f0Ss8MchBXly4JBJkNM/s1600-h/ionic_bond.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8btkv0MaOApE8OrUx_FKgrlywF8S_5CxGqrN9BxHNJVYvNZx1cUh6RhAMxt_FEUjHr2vWKPzovL3h1OQgn5-Mu_fukJ9x8t74G_x35qvJCak9mmANGqaM91R7f0Ss8MchBXly4JBJkNM/s200/ionic_bond.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164305983976299954" border="0" /></a></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.freethought-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=11572&garp</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">Wate</span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">r is the most abundant molecule in living organisms, usually making up 60-70% of total body weight. Water is a </span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">polar molecule, the oxygen end has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen a slight positive charge. </span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;">A hydrogen bond occurs when a covalently bonded hydrogen is slightly positive and attracted to a negatively charged atom some distance away. Water molecules are cohesive and have beneficial characteristics:</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoEp0dRBGVaBw-kLvcrpL7WBy9P2_slJkS2wI8eW8DcjUOy5q7B2MTnh9tTJ6Sgkwlzc8RHCtISB8hHmLg4iE0AvLFn8tTbwvYL3-1fc7HkZnPzSS_1yEMaUoYK-Q2qXcBg96M_ZmFvFM/s1600-h/water.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoEp0dRBGVaBw-kLvcrpL7WBy9P2_slJkS2wI8eW8DcjUOy5q7B2MTnh9tTJ6Sgkwlzc8RHCtISB8hHmLg4iE0AvLFn8tTbwvYL3-1fc7HkZnPzSS_1yEMaUoYK-Q2qXcBg96M_ZmFvFM/s200/water.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164311468649536994" border="0" /></a><br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Water is a liquid at room temperature.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">The temperature of water rises and falls slowly.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Water has a high heat of vaporization.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Frozen water is less dense than liquid ice.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Water molecules are cohesive.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Water is a solvent for polar molecules.</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: right; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt2/waternotes.html<br /></span></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ions and molecules that interact with water are hydrophilic. Nonionized and nonpolar molecules that do not are hydrophobic.</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br />When water molecules dissociate, they release an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. The dissociation is measured in moles. A mole is a unit of scientific measurement for atoms.<br /><br />Acidic solutions have a high H+ concentration. Base solutions have a low H+ concentration. The pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Pure water with an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions has a pH of 7.<br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-MQnnPznquQX3qrW0YxR6WN2eOyaOzTBge6_rIqOnsoxg4S8njHIlaFNKaWL5cXs0E3eH2hd_O7uFgNcdY6y-NGS89WKdATP1cm0rbFgF9jwHzbRWIWRGHlfzokjvJsxQuXzq7CRfzO4/s1600-h/pH.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-MQnnPznquQX3qrW0YxR6WN2eOyaOzTBge6_rIqOnsoxg4S8njHIlaFNKaWL5cXs0E3eH2hd_O7uFgNcdY6y-NGS89WKdATP1cm0rbFgF9jwHzbRWIWRGHlfzokjvJsxQuXzq7CRfzO4/s200/pH.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164314771479387634" border="0" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/BACT/info/pH.html</span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >In living things, the pH of body fluids needs to be maintained within a narrow range. The body and environment have buffers to prevent pH changes. Buffers are chemical combinations that keep the pH within normal limits due because they are chemical or combinations that take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions.<br /><br />The four classes of molecules unique to cells are <span style="font-weight: bold;">carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</span>. Each molecule is composed of subunits called macromolecules. Macromolecules are created by a dehydration reaction in which a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom are removed as the molecule reforms. To breakdown a macromolecule, a hydrolysis reaction is used.<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Carbohydrates</span> (H-C-OH) are molecules in which the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is about 2:1.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Monosaccharides have between 3 and 7 carbon atoms. A disaccharide is made by by joining two monosaccahrides together by the dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides contain many glucose units.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgrxKx3zUZQcjDw-MZXXgLOX2NSJ6VxV6ebqkggILReoSvFtxoPzhYSz29l1ap0TXguz11yn9Uy8kVyvcQO9Z4qCaRkaEu1kyYA-htcnHqX3q8QX1BRjzWOpmL9Ho7T_TdBNP9321Pe2g/s1600-h/diabetes-glucose.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgrxKx3zUZQcjDw-MZXXgLOX2NSJ6VxV6ebqkggILReoSvFtxoPzhYSz29l1ap0TXguz11yn9Uy8kVyvcQO9Z4qCaRkaEu1kyYA-htcnHqX3q8QX1BRjzWOpmL9Ho7T_TdBNP9321Pe2g/s200/diabetes-glucose.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164325826725207586" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://science9.wordpress.com/2007/04/</span><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lipids</span> contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules. Lipids do not dissolve in water and contain little oxygen. The most familiar lipids are fats (animal)and oils (plant.) Emulsifiers can cause fats to mix with water. There are different kinds of fatty acids: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVDCMgg5gT6-3utKbnIBxy6ctb9LuU283yjSN7szgVuR9euzMzr-_8bDx4-SAk7iTsecNLi9cv-Tlr7JVjJ1SYgZln1nWRHbxDmps7P1aBR9yywUAgaKncP9cZCW0pZvZPBiPQDcnQluw/s1600-h/lipids.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVDCMgg5gT6-3utKbnIBxy6ctb9LuU283yjSN7szgVuR9euzMzr-_8bDx4-SAk7iTsecNLi9cv-Tlr7JVjJ1SYgZln1nWRHbxDmps7P1aBR9yywUAgaKncP9cZCW0pZvZPBiPQDcnQluw/s200/lipids.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164326651358928434" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.biosynth.com/index.asp?topic_id=221&g=19&m=272</span><br /></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Phospholipids</span> are constructed like fats, but have a phosphate group in place of the third fatty acid. They are primary components of cellular membranes. Steroids are lipids that have an entirely different structure than fats. Cholesterol is a precursor of several steroids.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Proteins </span>are important in the structure and function of cells. Proteins have many functions in humans:<br /></span><ul style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Support</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Enzymes</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Transport</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Defense</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Hormones</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Motion</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" >Proteins are macromolecules with amino acid subunits. Amino acids differ according to their R group. Peptide bonds are a result of two amino acids that have joined together by dehydration. Proteins cannot function without their usual shape. If exposed to extremes and irreversible change in shape called denaturation occurs.<br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_7_USF8VYI-v6sa2q6lCO8hFY0wiVkfIapnzyMjsq6aAmUF3I8hFgNd1Pfh9IqjJkva8DGq2Pk52IP43sTiOhKnsNCEdDmDGC_WT_hiL_E3Q1gNCyll22DiBrUexkYPRWuenbZdPTw3w/s1600-h/ch1_thoughts.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_7_USF8VYI-v6sa2q6lCO8hFY0wiVkfIapnzyMjsq6aAmUF3I8hFgNd1Pfh9IqjJkva8DGq2Pk52IP43sTiOhKnsNCEdDmDGC_WT_hiL_E3Q1gNCyll22DiBrUexkYPRWuenbZdPTw3w/s200/ch1_thoughts.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164330662858382930" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html</span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">There are two types of nucleic acid: <span style="font-weight: bold;">DNA </span>and <span style="font-weight: bold;">RNA</span>. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Every nucleotide is a molecular complex of three subunit molecules: phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen contaning base. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and RNA contains ribose. DNA has four different bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. In RNA uracil replaces thymine. The nucleotides form a strand which has a phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone. DNA is double stranded and RNA has a single strand.<br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj00_TykpaHCGRuWTrPddvkqPoCFq71qk9awKHoTmsIvlv4ANEWV0l7paVfrLOUT3Qp_OE_2V-IUdLRJTBHgx3_YD5KVvjCENubBcY6UWbrKEaATzLpsm1iY08a2NCvaNY7ii5hXk20_PQ/s1600-h/13217.dna_&_rna_helixes.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj00_TykpaHCGRuWTrPddvkqPoCFq71qk9awKHoTmsIvlv4ANEWV0l7paVfrLOUT3Qp_OE_2V-IUdLRJTBHgx3_YD5KVvjCENubBcY6UWbrKEaATzLpsm1iY08a2NCvaNY7ii5hXk20_PQ/s200/13217.dna_&_rna_helixes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5164333145349480034" border="0" /></a></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.acmecompany.com/Pages/stock_science.html<br /></span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-style: italic;"> Cell Structure and Function</span> <span style="font-style: italic;"> Organization<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:85%;" >Organisms, including humans, are composed of cells. One of the</span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:85%;" > fundamental principles of modern biology is the cell theory. The <span style="font-weight: bold;">cell theory</span> states that a cell is the basic unit of life. Nothing smaller than a cell is alive. Life has a cellular nature.</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><ul><li><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:85%;" >All living things are made up of cells </span></li><li><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:85%;" >New cells arise only from preexisting cells</span></li></ul><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTwZAX41NPtLUKulmWwo_21eTmVYFcCAILMgkPl9rJwPOwCBL0cnN0kQNi-JAxLl4fLDgf2NgN8QpOpRHVbatgm0KJP5TJXgY1UyBHAfaZrFmjt135gGTdZHB_3jnq9MYKAtU536zGZh4/s1600-h/cell_model.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTwZAX41NPtLUKulmWwo_21eTmVYFcCAILMgkPl9rJwPOwCBL0cnN0kQNi-JAxLl4fLDgf2NgN8QpOpRHVbatgm0KJP5TJXgY1UyBHAfaZrFmjt135gGTdZHB_3jnq9MYKAtU536zGZh4/s200/cell_model.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166476584238879346" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.cellsalive.com/</span><wbr><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" >cells/cellpix/cell_model.jpg</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:85%;" ><img src="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Polly%20Keller/My%20Documents/My%20Pictures/cell_model.jpg" alt="" /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Most cells are not visible to the naked eye. The small size of cells are explained by the surface area to volume ratio. Nutrients enter a cell and waste exits at its surface, therefore the greater the ability to get material in and out of the cell. Larger cells require more nutrients. However, the larger a cell gets in volume, the proportionate amount of surface area decreases.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXxp2QICu8XOGtEuj4hKJR1jHRhHbOelpYF1Ada6NUoXoE-Aq1JRNFMdGfJ7UNij7841MWsIfI6o2LuSQKqDseV_4khMA12In28QXLjq_g6GortB92q8aQng2V-PkZRsWdm__OpSgBAI/s1600-h/cellsurface.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXxp2QICu8XOGtEuj4hKJR1jHRhHbOelpYF1Ada6NUoXoE-Aq1JRNFMdGfJ7UNij7841MWsIfI6o2LuSQKqDseV_4khMA12In28QXLjq_g6GortB92q8aQng2V-PkZRsWdm__OpSgBAI/s200/cellsurface.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166480866321273490" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">staff.jccc.net/pdecell/</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">cells/surface.gif</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;"> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Micrographs and photographs of objects are obtained using a compound light microscope, a transmission electron microscope, of a scanning electron microscope. A compound microscope uses a set of glass lenses and light rays passing through the eye to magnify objects. A transmission electron microscope has a higher rate of magnification and higher resolving power: the ability to make out detail in enlarged images. A scanning electron microscope provides a three dimensional view of the surface of an object. The light microscope is the only one to view living specimens as the electron microscope must maintain a strong vacuum.</span><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center; font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;font-family:verdana;"><div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXtMb9Mg4dlLnc5Ur0Isj8BlURcxs0bdjjxAaZ8pjVohQ-3uYX3dimMkDfInxVlT9qlhd3TNeOqJ36Kcze5m5pCPMJ9Jet4vW2NrVQKog0KmlFG33qrfS-_odf75IxPQgFCtcR0QWJgg0/s1600-h/microscope.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXtMb9Mg4dlLnc5Ur0Isj8BlURcxs0bdjjxAaZ8pjVohQ-3uYX3dimMkDfInxVlT9qlhd3TNeOqJ36Kcze5m5pCPMJ9Jet4vW2NrVQKog0KmlFG33qrfS-_odf75IxPQgFCtcR0QWJgg0/s200/microscope.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166483318747599522" border="0" /></a></span></div> </div> </div><span style="font-size:85%;"><img style="font-family: verdana;" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-10.jpg" alt="" /><img style="font-family: verdana;" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-11.jpg" alt="" /></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><img style="font-family: verdana;" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-9.jpg" alt="" /></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">www.hometrainingtools.com/</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">misc/compound%20par...</span><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Cells have an evolutionary history. The first cells to arise were <span style="font-weight: bold;">prokaryotic cells</span> which lack a nucleus. Bacteria and archaea represent prokaryotic cells. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Eukaryotic cells</span> have a nucleus are known for living in extreme environments that mirror the first Earth environments. Both of these cells have a <span style="font-weight: bold;">plasma membrane</span>, an outer membrane which regulates what enters the cell. A plasma membrane is a phospholipid membrane which is selectively permeable. All cells also contain <span style="font-weight: bold;">cytoplasm</span>: a semifluid medium that contains water and various types of molecules suspended or dissolved in that medium. The cytoplasm contains organelles which are small structures that perform specific functions.<br /><br />The internal structure of eukaryotic cells have evolved over time. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have DNA surrounded by a membrane: the endomembrane system.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfbrDtD8qsfL1Zp6Jh24NoxnJ0BXsGmKlWTm-uo-lcfeLictP7gm8VCWEQaXFZkvNr40FX9Au_YIAuw5PRG_9x6icXpqYsi40es0mQWpOqKEuN_Pf9B-7T0t2ga0G9CnJMhcZrIGJj8Q/s1600-h/ekcell.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfbrDtD8qsfL1Zp6Jh24NoxnJ0BXsGmKlWTm-uo-lcfeLictP7gm8VCWEQaXFZkvNr40FX9Au_YIAuw5PRG_9x6icXpqYsi40es0mQWpOqKEuN_Pf9B-7T0t2ga0G9CnJMhcZrIGJj8Q/s320/ekcell.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166488502773125826" border="0" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">micro.magnet.fsu.edu/.../</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">images/animalcell.jpg</span><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >The <span style="font-weight: bold;">plasma membrane</span> is selectively permeable. It marks the boundary between the inside and outside of a cell. The integrity of the membrane is necessary to cellular life. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins. The phospholipid molecule has a p0lar head and nonpolar tails. When placed in water they for a spherical bilayer. The polar head are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. The plasma membrane keeps the cell intact.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Diffusion</span> is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration, until they are equally distributed. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Osmosis</span> is the diffusion of water across the plasma membrane. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Tonicity </span>is the concentration of the solute in a solution stated by percentage. Many solutes do not diffuse across the plasma membrane, but are transported by protein carriers. During <span style="font-weight: bold;">facilitated transport</span>, a molecule is transported across the membrane at a higher than usual rate to the side of lower concentration. During <span style="font-weight: bold;">active transport</span>, a protein carrier and cellular energy from the breakdown of ATP, the molecule moves against the normal travel direction from lower to higher concentration.<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybOAGIn5A6sdcXxScfNTS-2LWkxXQn9jD3wVVLqksHtUOYFCHnNor7dBt1R6n5RyhOEpoC8odrH73ZPfbVrF5-llDryJu464GXGwMcBGdnJa5Dsr9QBnvO-cK2puMqSlJ6OFNhDUrk28/s1600-h/water_balance.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybOAGIn5A6sdcXxScfNTS-2LWkxXQn9jD3wVVLqksHtUOYFCHnNor7dBt1R6n5RyhOEpoC8odrH73ZPfbVrF5-llDryJu464GXGwMcBGdnJa5Dsr9QBnvO-cK2puMqSlJ6OFNhDUrk28/s200/water_balance.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166494992468710114" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" >kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/</span><wbr><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" >biology/water_balance.jpg</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><a style="font-family: verdana;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-7OrY7Un02T6kZ20C-hp9vJhqJnWhi2MChEoLWCmx4-KPd2v-36ljdeUl5RTQE0RB7QPM2qcFIJZ3ugflRwzQ4-6yqhI_3W7VBR4rG34kO_Qof4ecs9YUue75PEfxTKd3jXBgdzAAec/s1600-h/exocytosis5.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH-7OrY7Un02T6kZ20C-hp9vJhqJnWhi2MChEoLWCmx4-KPd2v-36ljdeUl5RTQE0RB7QPM2qcFIJZ3ugflRwzQ4-6yqhI_3W7VBR4rG34kO_Qof4ecs9YUue75PEfxTKd3jXBgdzAAec/s200/exocytosis5.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166498956723524354" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >www.linkpublishing.com/<wbr>exocytosis5.jpg</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:78%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">During <span style="font-weight: bold;">endocytosis</span>, a portion of the plasma membrane invaginates to envelop a substance and fluid. The membrane then pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle inside the cell. Some white blood cells take up pathogens during this process: <span style="font-weight: bold;">phagocytosis</span>. During <span style="font-weight: bold;">exocytosis</span>, a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs.<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oegE-Iri-zwPv6zyXoMEvqtLSZXq-PruBrTKwB4npxnnX6e9H68XW_em6n-_aq6tGUVF9MSZrwJ98KivhMEQdNv7gSJXJ3ETz7uEvE9Vj4fGOVr9v015Vx-A8mRUNnXfEurl6PuCXgc/s1600-h/endocytosisfigure1.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oegE-Iri-zwPv6zyXoMEvqtLSZXq-PruBrTKwB4npxnnX6e9H68XW_em6n-_aq6tGUVF9MSZrwJ98KivhMEQdNv7gSJXJ3ETz7uEvE9Vj4fGOVr9v015Vx-A8mRUNnXfEurl6PuCXgc/s200/endocytosisfigure1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166497474959807218" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">micro.magnet.fsu.edu/.../</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">endocytosisfigure1.jpg</span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The <span style="font-weight: bold;">nucleus</span> is a prominent structure in a cell and stores genetic information. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope.<br /></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6riqRRQv1tvgej-k3f8lPvuK18-JhVQQDg0iW8-KF5rQmZLjAS1yGUw0JipORrKjzPTEGh4BOP417hKMcV5uUrp-X2h_jKWEKd6Np2chk8AEkP2bv4Sg0Qm-tEZitk5mwRu0fajOUM8/s1600-h/nucleus_1%5B1%5D.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6riqRRQv1tvgej-k3f8lPvuK18-JhVQQDg0iW8-KF5rQmZLjAS1yGUw0JipORrKjzPTEGh4BOP417hKMcV5uUrp-X2h_jKWEKd6Np2chk8AEkP2bv4Sg0Qm-tEZitk5mwRu0fajOUM8/s320/nucleus_1%5B1%5D.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166500069120054034" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.modares.ac.ir/.../<wbr>week2/nucleus_1%5B1%5D.gif</span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ribosomes</span> are organelles composed of proteins and rRNA. Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes.<br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1W3XUNapL6ZpmiPJwVfmYkxLJnFKntZX_G0urCmw1ElDazdj7MvOAZA-25SINAnHgKWp3yTE2P3sZIKPYni8RCYLw2IXc6QgoHPtJFfMrfDp5mJM8V79EPq1720p5i0s8SvBMMIJg0f8/s1600-h/Ribosomes.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1W3XUNapL6ZpmiPJwVfmYkxLJnFKntZX_G0urCmw1ElDazdj7MvOAZA-25SINAnHgKWp3yTE2P3sZIKPYni8RCYLw2IXc6QgoHPtJFfMrfDp5mJM8V79EPq1720p5i0s8SvBMMIJg0f8/s320/Ribosomes.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166502482891674402" border="0" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.williamsclass.com/.<wbr>../Ribosomes.gif</span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">The <span style="font-weight: bold;">endomembrane system</span> consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysomes, and vesicles. The endoplasmic reticulum has two portions. The Golgi apparatus is named for Camillo Golgi who discovered it in 1898.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1W3XUNapL6ZpmiPJwVfmYkxLJnFKntZX_G0urCmw1ElDazdj7MvOAZA-25SINAnHgKWp3yTE2P3sZIKPYni8RCYLw2IXc6QgoHPtJFfMrfDp5mJM8V79EPq1720p5i0s8SvBMMIJg0f8/s1600-h/Ribosomes.gif"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/POLLYK%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-12.jpg" alt="" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >The <span style="font-weight: bold;">cytoskeleton </span>of a cell is composed of several types of protein fibers. It helps maintain the cells shape. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Microtubules</span> are much larger than the actin filaments. Each microtubule is a cylinder that contains 13 longitudinal rows of proteins called tubulin. The microtubules are regulated by the <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">cetrosome. </span>Actin filaments</span> are made of protein called actin. They are long thin fibers, usually in bundles or groupings.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cilia</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">flagella</span> are involved with movement. Cilia are about 20x longer than flagella, but both have the same organizational structure. Cilia and flagella grow from <span style="font-weight: bold;">basal bodies</span>: structures located in centrosomes called <span style="font-weight: bold;">centrioles</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mitochondria</span> are the cells powerhouses. They convert the chemical energy of glucose into the chemical energy of ATP: <span style="font-weight: bold;">cellular respiration</span>. Cellular respiration is very important in <span style="font-weight: bold;">metabolism</span>: all the chemical reactions which occur in a cell. </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Cellular respiration includes three pathways: glycolysis, the citirc acid cycle, and the electron transport cycle.<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVwwMDnrgh8mDMeU1DXcmDSMhWH16p0FB7BooksxpJwPK7EwvwRa8c86t7izMnGAALUqpisLsYXPxJP3XgxMfQUfiuIuYiCTSfkg5G63LKW3orOtpW6TA-DgvS4CtmFjnydVq4FE2R6I/s1600-h/metab.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOVwwMDnrgh8mDMeU1DXcmDSMhWH16p0FB7BooksxpJwPK7EwvwRa8c86t7izMnGAALUqpisLsYXPxJP3XgxMfQUfiuIuYiCTSfkg5G63LKW3orOtpW6TA-DgvS4CtmFjnydVq4FE2R6I/s200/metab.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166509037011768130" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.nature.com/.../<wbr>v24/n50/images/1209097f1.jpg</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Enzymes</span> speed up the reaction in a cell and are usually named for their substrates. Enzymes have a specific region (active site) where the substrates are brought together to react. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Coenzymes</span> are nonprotein the assist the activity of an enzyme and may accept or contribute atoms to the reaction.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Fermentation</span> is an anaerobic process (not needing oxygen.) Fermentation produces little ATP and lactate build up occurs.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><a style="font-family: verdana;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS0srf0pddFlpzFgPKgCWJZmWg7oVOXA1d517Suo_kH4fg9AFplZ3CJrSNRLmpa2-u_OmD0NYin9yZxat0id7uTSywaPjoQesdGvFhKQ5qDTq39ZG1rZ2M-FjRVgPIfhc0bAhbuB2c_mM/s1600-h/fermentation.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS0srf0pddFlpzFgPKgCWJZmWg7oVOXA1d517Suo_kH4fg9AFplZ3CJrSNRLmpa2-u_OmD0NYin9yZxat0id7uTSywaPjoQesdGvFhKQ5qDTq39ZG1rZ2M-FjRVgPIfhc0bAhbuB2c_mM/s200/fermentation.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166514964066636626" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">staff.jccc.net/pdecell/</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">cellresp/fermentation.gif</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >Organization and Regulation of Body Systems<br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" >A <span style="font-weight: bold;">tissue </span>is composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function. The tissues of the human body are categorized into four major types:<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3zahgfYnA74OH3Uvgp5DDU5iAyAnsKunRs3goBs7VeWV9wSYVtA589ItYfzb-Tyly35BEtgbHxmWI-A-_B4CuPgUGKjeURSq5X4M7nfCIMwIr6isBRfiVNxSa_AiTCYzRSFcgdhvGtFk/s1600-h/tissue.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3zahgfYnA74OH3Uvgp5DDU5iAyAnsKunRs3goBs7VeWV9wSYVtA589ItYfzb-Tyly35BEtgbHxmWI-A-_B4CuPgUGKjeURSq5X4M7nfCIMwIr6isBRfiVNxSa_AiTCYzRSFcgdhvGtFk/s200/tissue.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166520732207715170" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >www.nlm.nih.gov/.../<wbr>ency/fullsize/8682.jpg</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Connective tissue</span> has 3 components: specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers. The fibers are broken into collagen, reticular, and elastic. The cells in both loose fibrous and dense fibrous connective tissues are called fibroblasts. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Matrix</span> is the term that includes ground substance and fibers. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Loose fibrous connective tissue</span> supports internal organs. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Adipose tissue</span> is a special type which the cells enlarge and store fat. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Dense fibrous</span> connective tissue contains collagen fibers packed together such as in tendons and ligaments. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Supportive connective tissues</span> are the cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Bone</span> is the most rigid of connective tissues. The matrix consists of inorganic salts (mostly calcium) around protein fibers (usually collagen.) <span style="font-weight: bold;">Compact bone</span> makes of the shaft of long bones and has cylindrical units called osteons. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Spongy bone</span> appears as open, bony latticework with numerous bony bars and plates. <span style="font-weight: bold;"> Fluid connective tissues</span> consist of blood and lymph. Blood consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid that contains white blood cells.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifwoMKeMuQtDud8GDa5rgihXQYj_IJI8r-tjMQQP5EZWBDD80RI8RHjtvqihf8fD52MuE_xt4eF_Odee08h-0xnQOzxRB9w5VY1lezKd7ULY5Q-I6Xjx7GgsFdWFmzar5y-dwZ5ayO88/s1600-h/types_of_connective_tissue.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhifwoMKeMuQtDud8GDa5rgihXQYj_IJI8r-tjMQQP5EZWBDD80RI8RHjtvqihf8fD52MuE_xt4eF_Odee08h-0xnQOzxRB9w5VY1lezKd7ULY5Q-I6Xjx7GgsFdWFmzar5y-dwZ5ayO88/s200/types_of_connective_tissue.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166521599791108978" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.daviddarling.info/images/types_of_connective_tissue.jpg</span><br /><br /><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Muscular Tissue </span>is composed of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers contain protein filaments called actin and myosin filaments. The 3 types of vertebrate tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nervous tissue</span> consist of nerve cells and neuroglia. <span style="font-weight: bold;"> Neurons</span> are specialized cells that consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. A <span style="font-weight: bold;">dendrite </span>is an extension that receives signals from sensory receptors. The <span style="font-weight: bold;">cell body </span>contains most of the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. The axon is an extension that conducts nerve impulses. Long axons are covered by <span style="font-weight: bold;">myelin</span>. Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by connective tissue are called <span style="font-weight: bold;">nerves</span>. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Neuroglia</span> are cells that outnumber neurons 9:1 and take up more than half the volume of the brain. The primary function is to is to support and nourish neurons. Types of neurons in the brain are microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZe8lmufjRzRa7ioiHR7qDItG5Uj0TYEheLvqu9ZDQ4t0qKmYRADwfnv8MY-wQ9wymEHEOC1NoNtvqkPRAcp7sMLGwHfrQkzZLBxR9H1XPoFPWdwFv04pgDY-lAvy4EgRnb91kIMaNESI/s1600-h/neurons_1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZe8lmufjRzRa7ioiHR7qDItG5Uj0TYEheLvqu9ZDQ4t0qKmYRADwfnv8MY-wQ9wymEHEOC1NoNtvqkPRAcp7sMLGwHfrQkzZLBxR9H1XPoFPWdwFv04pgDY-lAvy4EgRnb91kIMaNESI/s200/neurons_1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166524460239328130" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/neurons_1.gif<br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Epithelial tissue</span> covers the body and lines its cavities. There are different types of epithelial tissue:<br /></span><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Simple sqaumous</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Simple cuboidal</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Simple columnar</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Pseudostratified ciliated columnar</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Stratified sqaumous</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_CYlzwCheqMr4MpSzOh-iY5ceUX6fjfneyu-CPaDFOQm2o8t-m7sCk0eK1j9m83yn1cpfH8p27SARwCl9cXWGhmwgz6kQC_YeiALNTjFwAwbhHRIVgWX2AwZ0G8hdc6ykE4mMqtHqKI/s1600-h/epit.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_CYlzwCheqMr4MpSzOh-iY5ceUX6fjfneyu-CPaDFOQm2o8t-m7sCk0eK1j9m83yn1cpfH8p27SARwCl9cXWGhmwgz6kQC_YeiALNTjFwAwbhHRIVgWX2AwZ0G8hdc6ykE4mMqtHqKI/s200/epit.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166526762341798818" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:78%;" >media.wiley.com/<wbr>Lux/70/21770.nfg001.jpg</span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /><br />The <span style="font-weight: bold;">integumentary system</span> is associated with particular organs. An organ is composed of two or more types of tissues working together. An organ system contains many different organs. Skin is the most conspicuous organ in the body. The skin has 2 regions, the epidermis and dermis. A subcutaneous layer is found between the skin and underlying muscle or bone.<br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW65ATENuu01qz6cWvMrGGSxLF33GZt0QjEqMhgzHYwvWGUJXMB9C8k_SvvmpKwkrAgti2ADD6A6agKmj8wV-3-pQ5eY9tYY4oepapHmcxsH5mBYziDgyxUY969AAnpjRTGhWtKFUEbRQ/s1600-h/SkinTissue.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW65ATENuu01qz6cWvMrGGSxLF33GZt0QjEqMhgzHYwvWGUJXMB9C8k_SvvmpKwkrAgti2ADD6A6agKmj8wV-3-pQ5eY9tYY4oepapHmcxsH5mBYziDgyxUY969AAnpjRTGhWtKFUEbRQ/s320/SkinTissue.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166527939162837938" border="0" /></a><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-family:verdana;">www.racingsmarter.com/.</span></span><wbr style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-family:verdana;">../SkinTissue.jpg</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">The </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">epidermis </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">is made up of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. New epidermal layers derive from stem (basal) cells. 2 types of specialized cells are located are located deep in the epidermis: Langerhans and the melanocytes. The </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">dermis </span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">is a region of dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the epidermis. The dermis contains collagen and elastic fibers. The </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">subcutaneous layer</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);"> is not really part of the skin, but is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">An acronym I use to remember the organ systems is </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">MURDERS INC</span><span style="color: rgb(204, 51, 204);">:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">M</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Muscular system: posture, moves body and internal organs, produces heat</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">U </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Urinary System: excretes metabolic waste</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">R </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Respiratory system: maintains breathing, exchanges gases at lungs and tissues</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">D </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Digestive system: ingests and digest food, absorbs nutirents</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">E</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Endocrine system: produces hormones, regulates metabolism</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">R</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Reproductive system: produces and transports gametes, produces sex hormones</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">S </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Skeletal system: supports the body, protects body parts</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">I</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Integumentary System: protects body, receives sensory input, helps control temperature</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">N </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Nervous system: receives sensory input, helps coordinate motor systems</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">C</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> Cardiovascular system: transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste, defends against disease</span><br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAhe1TxM9Cm2Hx4vE9FoNXMJICsEqU7r-XBXaxsTmvssKkYZZfya1d9KQoWKBJiJuIYQmtIYzwe8licNlLrcehHZ9OKA0VMECdN4s2JxkRcPnXAWo5oF847XDxyfjpg7al6Z3Dx55fXQ/s1600-h/hs1.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAhe1TxM9Cm2Hx4vE9FoNXMJICsEqU7r-XBXaxsTmvssKkYZZfya1d9KQoWKBJiJuIYQmtIYzwe8licNlLrcehHZ9OKA0VMECdN4s2JxkRcPnXAWo5oF847XDxyfjpg7al6Z3Dx55fXQ/s320/hs1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166535232017306562" border="0" /></a><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">www.agen.ufl.edu/.../</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">lect/lect_19/147a.gif</span><br /><br /><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Z7grkx_rHW3cQgJ11FZhectHBNHdWBmfoHxgzaRXxsrA8jOI-_TdjwGi2i6bRE55uAd9Nf64IFBbMpmfB0zCe2pLzzcLFXa64bK8T9VXDMEtEqkIUFyzEKKHBT8rcf_5IemFXlh9gqg/s1600-h/hs2.gif"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Z7grkx_rHW3cQgJ11FZhectHBNHdWBmfoHxgzaRXxsrA8jOI-_TdjwGi2i6bRE55uAd9Nf64IFBbMpmfB0zCe2pLzzcLFXa64bK8T9VXDMEtEqkIUFyzEKKHBT8rcf_5IemFXlh9gqg/s320/hs2.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166535859082531794" border="0" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">www.agen.ufl.edu/.../</span><wbr><span style="font-size:78%;">lect/lect_19/147b.gif</span><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Homeostasis</span> is the relative constancy of the internal environment, which is tissue fluid and blood. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Negative feedback mechanisms</span> keep the environment relatively stable. When a sensor detects change, a control center brings about an effect that reverses the change to bring the system to normal. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Positive feedback mechanisms </span>bring about rapid change in the same direction as the stimulus and does not achieve relative stability.<br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Citations<br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></span></span><div style="text-align: left; font-family: verdana; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > Biology Project: Cell Biology. (2008)<span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/cell_bio.html<br /><br /></span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > Folding @ Home Distributed Computing.<span style=""> </span>(2008)<span style=""> </span></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><a href="http://folding.stanford.edu/English/Science"><span style="text-decoration: none;">http://folding.stanford.edu/English/Science</span></a><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >Hyperphysics:Chemical Bonding. (2008) </span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">h</span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">ttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html</span></span></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <br /><br /></span></span></span><br /><br />Mader, S. (2008) Exploring Life and Science, Chemistry of Life, Cell Structure and Function, and<br /> Regulation and Organization of Body Systems. <span style="font-style: italic;">Human Biology, 10th ed.</span> (p 1-84)<br /><br /><br />Microbiology. (2008) </span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" > <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">http://www.scienceprofonline.org/<br /><br /></span><br />Water Molecule. (2008) </span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" >http://www.aquadyntech.com/watermolecule.html<br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-size:85%;" ><span style=""><br /></span></span> <p style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style=""><br /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:black;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:black;" ><br /><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--><span style="font-size:85%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:black;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:black;" ><!--[if !supportEmptyParas]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div></div></div></div><br /><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><a name="4920240769355904930"></a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7180786859187392765.post-47838811629563355062008-01-25T08:24:00.000-08:002008-01-28T18:42:08.599-08:00Intro<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyQKow0RrvEm8n0-ntLWCQPs64qQkbjwaRxw_B4bZC00g_YZWstgtAXEQvQrwwZ6ijFRcPHkWyF2v4R-alLaqSb48D2Z1yqOt_-dH8-yIOi0UjRketFx8GBJlXYqTotJARhmgVaqOP2r8/s1600-h/nyx.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyQKow0RrvEm8n0-ntLWCQPs64qQkbjwaRxw_B4bZC00g_YZWstgtAXEQvQrwwZ6ijFRcPHkWyF2v4R-alLaqSb48D2Z1yqOt_-dH8-yIOi0UjRketFx8GBJlXYqTotJARhmgVaqOP2r8/s320/nyx.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5159452245730057458" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:lucida grande;">·</span><span style="font-family:lucida grande;"> </span><span style="font-family:lucida grande;">Name: </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:lucida grande;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Nicole Florisi-Watson</span></span><o:p></o:p></p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:Symbol;" >·</span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;font-size:0;" > </span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:Arial;" ><span style="font-family:lucida grande;">Favorite Artist: </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);font-family:lucida grande;" ><span style="font-style: italic;">Rick Wyckoff (my tattoo artist)</span></span><o:p></o:p></span><p style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:lucida grande;">·</span><span style=";font-family:lucida grande;font-size:0;" > </span><span style="font-family:lucida grande;">Why taking this Class: </span><span style="font-family:lucida grande;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">I am a police officer with a specialty as a Drug Recognition Expert. I am fascinated by pharmacokinetics. This class will enhance that knowledge!</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="font-family: lucida grande; font-weight: bold;" class="MsoNormal" face="lucida grande"><span>·</span><span> </span><span>What you hope to achieve during this class: </span><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="font-style: italic;">A better understanding of the human body.<br /></span></span><span style="font-size:0;"> </span> </p><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:Symbol;" >·</span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" > </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" >Three interesting things about yourself or your family:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" >I love my husband and my children beyond everything.</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" ><br /><br />Until I remarried last year, I had one child and three dogs. Now I have four children (15,12,10,7) and four dogs.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(153, 51, 153); font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" >I have more tattoos than I have children and dogs combined!<br /><br /><br /></span><center><a href="http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vd3d3LnBob3RvY2Fza2V0LmNvbQ=="><img src="http://www.photocasket.com/goth/%21sulkincorner.jpg" alt="Buried at Photocasket.com" /><br /><span style="color:Purple;">Buried at PhotoCasket.com</span></a></center><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:lucida grande;" ><br /><br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span>Nikihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07892319562693446494noreply@blogger.com0